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Virology (Fall 2014) > L25: Retroviridae 2 (Romero) > Flashcards

L25: Retroviridae 2 (Romero) Flashcards

1
Q

signs of Bovine Leukemia Virus infection

A
  • lymphoms associated infection

- persistent lymphocytosis

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2
Q

Bovine Leukemia Virus eradication efforts

A

No serious efforts in USA; eradicated in most European and Scandinavian countries

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3
Q

sporadic bovine leukosis/lymphosarcoma associated with BLV infection?

A

No; usually seen in young bovines

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4
Q

3 forms of sporadic bovine leukosis/lymphosarcoma and CS

A

1) Juvenile (young calves) –> poor body condition, enlarged LN
2) Thymic (6-24mo.) –> edema in dewlap
3) Cutaneous (occurs in 1-3yr olds) –> lymphomas over thorax/abd

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5
Q

transmission of bovine leukemia virus**

A
  • Horizontal through transfer of viable infected WBCs (milk, insects, blood-contaminated tools)**
  • buffalos and sheep may be infected, but not naturally
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6
Q

Bovine Leukemia Virus infection and disease

A
  • most asymptomatic and only revealed through testing for BLV Ab
  • animals develop multiorgan lymphosarcomas
  • presence of large numbers malignant cells (lymphoblasts) in the blood
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7
Q

Path. of Bovine Leukemia Virus**

A
  • BLV targets B lymphocytes with IgM on surface**
  • Monos and mac also infected
  • polyclonal expansion of lymphocytes follows infection
  • BLV enhances transcription of virus promoter with viral transactivating protein Tax**
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8
Q

BLV tumors-associated condemnation

A

cow condemned if even 1 tumor found in any location

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9
Q

what percent US cows serum Ab positive for BLV?

A

30-40%

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10
Q

Dx of Bovine Leukemia Virus

A
  • development of multicentric lymphosarcomas

- test for specific BLV serum Ab

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11
Q

T/F: test and removal strategy for BLV in US in voluntary

A

T

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12
Q

Prevention/Control of BLV

A
  • test every 3 mo. and eradicate positives

- separate calves from infected cows at birth

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13
Q

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus infection

A
  • viral disease of goats
  • life-long infection
  • erratic shedding
  • widespread in US
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14
Q

CS of Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus

A 
(most infections asymptomatic)
arthritis
encephalitis (mostly kids)
pneumonia
mastitis
weight loss (wasting)
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15
Q

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus infection in kids

A
  • encephalomyelitis or leukoencephalitis
  • lameness
  • paralysis
  • depression, head tilt
  • muscle tremors
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16
Q

Transmission of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

A
  • Major route = colostrum/milk from infected does**
  • virs assoc. with WBCs
  • breeding with infected goat
  • other methods: in utero, at birth, saliva/resp. secretions
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17
Q

Control/Dx of Caprine arthritis-encephalitis

A
  • Test and remove Ab+ goats
  • Serology
  • PCR
  • remove kids from infected does as soon as born**
  • no vaccine/tx**
  • quarantine incoming animals
18
Q

4 syndromes of Equine Infectious Anemia

A

1) Acute (fever, anemia, jaundice, hemorrhage)
2) Subacute (mod. fever and recovery)
3) Life-long persistent infection (recurrent episodes of CS)
4) Chronic (mild signs to cachexia, anemia, ventral edema)

19
Q

Path. of Equine Infectious Anemia

A
  • Virus infects macs (life-long)
  • Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis may develop (hemorrhagic lesions common**)
  • Env glycoprotein mutates –> new varient emerges
  • serum from early febrile episodes can neutralize virus from initial infection
20
Q

Trans. of Equine Infectious Anemia

A
  • mechanical transmission by flies
  • iatrogrenic trans. with fomites, transfusions
  • transplantal
  • milk, saliva, urine, semen
21
Q

Dx of Equine Infectious Anemia

A
  • Coggin’s test detects Ab against p26

- RT-PCR

22
Q

Majority of FIV infections occur in what population of cats?

A

outdoor unneutered male cats

23
Q

Feline immunodeficiency virus chars.

A
  • causes progressive immune suppression in domestic cats
  • increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections by inducing shift from T-helper 1 to T-helper 2 lymphocytes, cytokine disregulation, and suppressing innate and acquired cellular immune response
  • causes anergy and apoptosis of lymphocytes in primary lymphoid organs
24
Q

transmission and landmarks of feline immunodeficiency

A
  • mainly trans. via saliva (biting)
  • progression to clinical dz parallels decline in circulating CD4 lymphocytes
  • life-long infection
25
Q

3 stages of FIV-associated disease

A

1) Acute stage (lymphadenopathy, leukopenia, fever)
2) Long sub-clinical stage (drop in lymphocytes, otherwise asymptomatic)
3) Terminal stage (loss of immune function, 2ary infections, neoplasia, fever)

26
Q

Common CS of FIV infection

A
  • most due to non-healing 2ry infections
  • signs/symptoms called “Feline AIDS”: poor appetite, weight loss, v/d, gingivitis, stomatitis, chronic conjunctivitis, fever/swollen LN
27
Q

Can DIVA strategy be applied to FIV vaccinated cats?

A

No

28
Q

gold standard for FIV dx

A

virus isolation

29
Q

Why may young kittens test + for FIV?

A

maternally-derived Ab (re-test at 6 mo.)

30
Q

immunological features of FIV

A
  • presence of Ab does NOT correlate with virus clearance or dz progression
  • increase in CD8 T cells related to reduced viremia
  • WBCs respond poorly with IL-2
  • impairment of innate immunity
31
Q

Control of FIV

A
  • keep cats indoors
  • acutely-infected queens my infect kittens through colostrum
  • test and removal strategy best!**
  • poor cross-protection of vaccines (DIVA concerns**)
32
Q

Bovine Immunodeficiency virus replicates where?

A

Non-dividing cells (char. shared by Lentivirus genus of retroviridae)

33
Q

BIV genome

A

ssRNA

34
Q

Path/trans/implications of BIV

A
  • path. uncertain
  • iatrogenic trans.
  • potential for being used in gene therapy as it is not infectious to humans and transduces a wide range of cells
35
Q

Maedi-Visna/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia chars.

A
  • literally means “dyspnea wasting”
  • affects sheep/goats
  • mostly subclinical
  • integrates into lymphocytes DNA
  • genetically diverse isolates
36
Q

Trans. of Maedi-Visna/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

A
  • early in life through colostrum/milk**
  • direct contact
  • vert. trans. rare
  • infected shed virus no matter whether symptomatic or not
  • trans. between sheep/goat possible
37
Q

CS of Maedi-Visna/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • resp. difficulty
  • Neuro signs (paralysis, weakness of hind limbs, etc.)
  • mastitis
  • arthritis
38
Q

Epi of Maedi-Visna/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

A
  • variable prevalence in US
  • mortality 20-30% in naive pops.
  • co-infection with Jaagsiekte results in more severe CS and inc. trans.
39
Q

Dx of Maedi-Visna/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

A
  • Serology
  • Detection of proviral DNA
  • virus isolation
40
Q

Control of Maedi-Visna/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

A
  • only introduce lambs from MVV-free sources

- eradication: separate + lambs at birth, feed newborns with MVV-free colostrum, test q few months, biosecurity, etc.

Virology (Fall 2014) (15 decks)

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