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MHD 1 > L2 Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

L2 Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

The reaction of vascularized tissue to injury

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2
Q

What are the components of the acute inflammation process?

A
  1. Pathogen/injury
  2. Host inflammatory cells
  3. Complement/coagulation cascades
  4. Chemokines/cytokines
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3
Q

The immediate tissue reaction of acute inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of what three things?

A
  1. Fluid
  2. Plasma proteins
  3. Innate immune cells
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4
Q

What are the four major causes of inflammation?

A
  1. Infections
  2. Tissue necrosis
  3. Foreign bodies
  4. Immune reactions
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5
Q

How are antigens recognized by the innate immune system?

A

DAMPs (intracellular components) and PAMPs (microbes) bind to TLRs and other recognition receptors on monocytes

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6
Q

What is the inflammasome?

A

A multi-protein complex characterized by the activation of caspase 1, which ultimately leads to the activation of IL-1

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7
Q

What are lipopolysaccharides?

A

Components of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall

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8
Q

TLR are associated with ___.

A

CD-14

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9
Q

What helps mediate vasodilation by increasing flow and vascular permeability?

A

Nitric oxide

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10
Q

What are the three steps of inflammatory effects on the blood vessels?

A
  1. Vascular dilation and increased blood flow (erythema and warmth)
  2. Extravasation of plasma fluid and proteins (edema)
  3. Leukcoyte emigration and accumulation
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11
Q

What are the four steps of neutrophils crossing the endothelial cell border?

A
  1. Margination/rolling
  2. Integrin activation
  3. Stable adhesion (also flattening)
  4. Migration
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12
Q

What cytokines increase all adhesion molecules?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha (inflammatory cytokines)

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13
Q

How do PMNs move from a blood vessel to the point of injury?

A

Chemotaxis (movement along a chemical gradient)

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14
Q

After the neutrophil migrates, what happens?

A

Degranulation, which triggers recruitment of monocytes (phase 2); this also triggers inhibition of neutrophils (phase 3)

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15
Q

What is the most numerous leukocyte in circulation and the signature cell of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils (PMNs)

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16
Q

How are neutrophils able to respond rapidly to a pathogen?

A

Cytokines and growth factors signal to the marrow to release more neutrophils; they release mature and slightly immature but functional PMNs.

17
Q

What is left shift/bandemia?

A

The presence of bands (slightly immature PMNs) in the blood

18
Q

What are the 5 major functions of a neutrophil at the site of injury?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Recognition/attachment (complement)
  3. Degranulation
  4. Killing/degradation
  5. NETs
19
Q

What is the largest leukocyte in the blood?

A

Monocytes

20
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

Monocytes that exit into tissue

21
Q

Lack of TLR or phagocytic receptor activation leads to what three effects?

A
  1. Decreased pro-inflammatory mediator synthesis and release
  2. Macrophage sensing this
  3. Predominant cytokines become TGF-beta and IL-10
22
Q

What are the four categories of acute inflammation morphology?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Fibrinous
  3. Suppurative/abscess
  4. Ulcerative
23
Q

Which morphology of acute inflammation involves fluid with larger molecules dominated by fibrinogen?

A

Fibrinous

24
Q

Which morphology of acute inflammation involves protein poor transudate from capillary to a space peritoneal, pericardial, or pleural?

A

Serous

25
Q

Which morphology of acute inflammation involves excavation of a mucosal or skin surface?

A

Ulcerative

26
Q

Which morphology of acute inflammation involves protein rich fluid with inflammatory cells and necrotic debris?

A

Suppurative/abscess

27
Q

Compare and contrast exudate and transudate.

A

Exudate: high protein content (fluid and protein leakage)

Transudate: low protein content (fluid leakage only)

MHD 1 (58 decks)

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