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MHD 1 > L12 Bacterial Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

L12 Bacterial Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major cellular structures of a bacterium?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Flagellum
  3. Pili
  4. Nucleoid
  5. Ribosomes
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2
Q

What are three other names for the capsule?

A

Mucoid layer, slime layer, glycocalyx

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3
Q

What are capsules made of?

A

Combination of polysaccharide, protein, and/or DNA

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4
Q

What are the two major functions of the capsule?

A
  1. Adherence

2. Immune system avoidance

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5
Q

What are organized multicellular bacterial communities?

A

Biofilms

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6
Q

What is the real reason antibiotics are resisted by bacteria in a biofilm?

A

The cells inside the biofilm differentiate and activate antibiotic resistant mechanisms.

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7
Q

When do biofilms form?

A

When bacteria sense the correct density of their cohort.

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8
Q

Cell-cel communication via ___ causes matrix synthesis, leading to the biofilm.

A

Pheromones

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9
Q

What are the major characteristics of a biofilm?

A

Adherence, controlled release of bacteria, immune system avoidance, alteration of bacterial growth kinetics, activation of bacterial stress and defense responses, alteration of drug PK

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10
Q

What is a potential strategy used to defeat biofilms?

A

Treat the biofilm (block pheromone communication), then treat the bacterium

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11
Q

The microbiota are likely present in ___ throughout the GI tract.

A

Biofilms

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12
Q

In humans, biofilms are most prominent in the ___ and ___. They decline toward the ___.

A

Proximal colon; appendix; distal colon

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13
Q

What is one possible mechanism for varying biofilm levels in the human GI tract?

A

IgA may act more profoundly in the distal colon, causing aggregation and removal of material via the flow of the GI tract.

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14
Q

What are the three types of flagellar organization?

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Lophotrichous
  3. Peritrichous
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15
Q

The immunological response to flagella can be a diagnostic tool - what is this called?

A

Serotyping

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16
Q

Flagella have a cap at the tip; how can this be advantageous?

A

Some bacteria replace the cap with an adhesion, allowing the flagella to stick to the host cell surface

17
Q

Although pili and the capsule are critical mediators of attachment, many other surface molecules exist that can mediate this process; these are called ___.

A

Adhesins

18
Q

Describe the gram negative cell envelope.

A

Inner and outer membranes, thin layer of peptidoglycan between the membranes, LPS in outer membrane

19
Q

Describe the gram positive cell envelope.

A

Inner membrane only, peptidoglycan layer (thicker), teichoic acid and lipeteichoic acid

20
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A series of sheets stacked on top of each other; composed of glycan monomers linked together and then linked to adjacent strands with peptides.

21
Q

What degrades peptidoglycan?

A

Lysozyme

22
Q

What is the role of LPS?

A

Makes the outer membrane relatively impermeable compared to other memranes; porins are portal molecules used for transport in light of this

23
Q

What are the three components of LPS?

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Core
  3. O-specific side chain
24
Q

What is Lipid A?

A

Part of LPS, sits in membrane, toxic, key inflammatory molecule

25
Q

What is O-specific side chain?

A

Part of LPS, sugar polymer with lots of variation that can give some diagnostic utility

26
Q

Describe the multidrug efflux system.

A

Allows for rapid transport of drugs out of the bacterium from the para- or cytoplasms.

27
Q

Describe the process of sporulation in bacteria.

A

The normal division of the cell in half is done unequally in such a way that the smaller compartment pinches off inside the cell, forming a free protoplast. This morphs into a dormant, resistant, and metabolically inactive cell. The cell lyses and releases the spore

28
Q

Describe the process of germination of a spore.

A

The spore sheds its protective structures and converts back into an active cell that is metabolically active and produces virulence factors.

29
Q

What are mycoplasma?

A

Simple type of bacterium that is gram positive but lacks peptidoglycan outer membrane; however, it does have a complex polysaccharide layer with hydrophobicity and porins

MHD 1 (58 decks)

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