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MICR221 > L19 Infection and Multiplication > Flashcards

L19 Infection and Multiplication Flashcards

1
Q

steps of a virus life cycle

A 
attachment
entry
synthesis
assembly 
release
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2
Q

what happens during attachment

A

receptor binding proteins on the virion bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell

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3
Q

where are the receptor binding proteins present on enveloped cells?

A

on the envelope

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4
Q

where are the receptor binding proteins present on non-enveloped cells?

A

on the capsid

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5
Q

what could a receptor of a virion be

A

protein molecule

carbohydrate molecule

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6
Q

examples of protein molecule recpetors

A

CD4 (HIV)

ACE2 (SARS-CoV-2)

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7
Q

examples of carbohydrate molecule receptors

A

sialic acid (influenza)

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8
Q

what is a co-receptor (example)

A

CCR5 for HIV

helps with attachment

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9
Q

A receptor can be ______ for one virus or ______ viruses can have the same _____

A

unique
multiple
receptor

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10
Q

example of a receptor that is used by Influenza. adenovirus, parainfluenza

A

sialic acid

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11
Q

are receptors present on all host cells and tissues

A

no

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12
Q

three entry methods used by viruses

A

fusion
endocytosis
direct injection

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13
Q

what kinds of virsues tend to use fusion

A

enveloped

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14
Q

examples of bacteria that use fusion

A

HIV, bacteriophage o6

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15
Q

what happens during fusion (HIV example)

A

the spike proteins bind to the receptors on the host cell (attachment)
the envelope fuses with the plasma membrane releasing the capsid into the cytoplasm

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16
Q

endocytosis entry for enveloped viruses

A

The binding of the spikes to the host cell receptors triggers receptor-mediated endocytosis
-the envelope is degraded by the acidic environment in the endosome and the capsid is released

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17
Q

examples of enveloped viruses that enter through endocytosis

A

Influenza

corona

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18
Q

endocytosis entry for non-enveloped viruses

A

capsid proteins bind to receptors that trigger receptor-mediated endocytosis
-the acidic environment alters the capsid which results in extrusion o the viral genome into the cytoplasm

19
Q

what kind of virus uses direct injection

A

bacteriophage T4

20
Q

process of direct injection

A

bacteriophage attaches and a pore forms

-the release of pressure in the capsid results in the genome traveling down the tail and into the cell

21
Q

how do viruses enter plant cells

A

via open wounds

22
Q

what must a viral genome do once inside the host (synthesis)

A

replicate
transcribe into mRNA
Translate mRNA into viral proteins

23
Q

what does genome replication depends on

A

type/configuration (RNA DNA ss ds)

24
Q

where does replication occur

A

nucleus or cytoplasm of the host

25
Q

what types and configurations of the genome require mRNA to be made

A

ss/dsDNA and dsRNA

26
Q

what kind of ssRNA does not require mRNA to be made

A

positive

27
Q

how does the translation of the viral genome occur

A

hijacks host cell, occurs in the same way as host cell

28
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm of host

29
Q

where does assembly occur

A

cytoplasm, nucleus and/or plasma membrane

30
Q

assembly is ______ and tightly _____

A

complex

regulated

31
Q

what happens during assembly

A

viral proteins sequentially react with each other and then with the viral genome to form progeny

32
Q

what happens to the viral protein being synthesised

A

some are used to make progeny

some are used to evade host defences

33
Q

what is the name of the host proteins used to help in virion assembly

A

chaperones

34
Q

three mechanisms of release of viruses

A

lysis
budding
cell to cell

35
Q

what is required for cell lysis

A

viral proteins

36
Q

what kind of viruses use lysis for release

A

bacteriophage

37
Q

examples of viral proteins used in lysis

A

holin

T4 lysozyme

38
Q

what does holin do

A

creates holes in bacterial cell plasma membranes

39
Q

what does T4 lysozyme do

A

dissolves the bacterial cell wall

40
Q

An example of a virus that uses budding as a release mechanism

A

influenza

41
Q

explain the budding process

A
  • the virus assembles components near or on the plasma membrane and then uses the host cell plasma membrane to form an envelope
  • enzyme pinches the bud and releases the encapsulated virus
42
Q

two ways cell-cell release can occur

A

through nerve synapses

plasmodesmata

43
Q

what virus is released via synapses

A

herpes simplex virus

MICR221 (23 decks)

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