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MICR221 > L11 Immunology intro > Flashcards

L11 Immunology intro Flashcards

1
Q

examples innate immunity

A

toll like receptors
complement pathway
lysozyme

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2
Q

innate immunity response

A

rapid but low specificity

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3
Q

what can complement be triggered by

A

antibody (IgM)
carbohydrate
C3b stabilisation on cell surface

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4
Q

three pathways to complement system

A

classical
lectin
alternative

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5
Q

what pathways use C4b->C2b as an activation molecule

A

classical

lectin

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6
Q

what enzyme converts C3->Bb and C4b->C2b

A

convertase

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7
Q

what triggers the alternative pathway

A

conversion of C3b-> Bb

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8
Q

what is C3a involved in

A

inflammation

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9
Q

what is C3b involved in

A

phagocytosis

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10
Q

what pathway is always happening?

A

alternative

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11
Q

what are toll like receptors

A

pattern recognition receptors

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12
Q

what do TLR do

A

recognise conserved microbial structures and transmit signals to the nucleus to alter gene transcription

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13
Q

where are TLR expressed

A

the cell membrane
and
in endosome

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14
Q

what activates the TLR in the endosomes

A 
double-stranded RNA 
single-stranded RNA
bacterial DNA (undermethylated CpG)
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15
Q

what happens to amino acids in the endosome

A

become protonated in the acidic environement

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16
Q

what do TLR on the cell membrane recognise

A

lipoteichoic acid: gram +ve
lipopolysaccharide: gram -ve
Flagellin: mobile bacteria

17
Q

why don’t commensals in the gut trigger the immune system

A

they are non-invasive

not near TLR and leukocytes

18
Q

how are commensals kept out of areas with high amounts of TLR

A

physical barriers and chemical barriers

skin, mucus

19
Q

what antibody is produced to protect from pathogens and commensals in the gut

A

IgA

20
Q

what does the adaptive immune repsonse involve

A

MHC, B cells, T cells

21
Q

how fast does the adaptive immune system respond

A

slower initial, memory response is rapid, high specificity

22
Q

what do macrophages do

A

phagocytosis

express MHC I and MHC II

23
Q

which cell is the most potent antigen presenting cell

A

dendritic

24
Q

what do dentritic cells do?

A

carry antigen to the lymph nodes for surveillance by T cells

25
Q

how are DC mainly found

A

in tissues as sentries

26
Q

what do DC’s do

A 
capture proteins
degrade them 
load peptides to MHC
travel to lymph node 
activate T cells
27
Q

what do activated T cells do to B cells

A

help them make antibodies

28
Q

which is the most important T cell for starting an immune repsonse

A

CD4 helper cell

29
Q

a reason why lymphonodes are helpful

A

concentrate T cells in one area with DC to activate them

30
Q

are all the T cells that leave the lymph nodes after seeing DC activated

A

no, only those that have seen abnormal peptides on the DC

31
Q

main job of a DC

A

switch on helper t cells

MICR221 (23 decks)

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