L18 Gene Models and Nephron Function 2

Question 1

What is the main function of the loop of Henle?

Answer 1

Reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, H2O , Ca2+ and Mg2+

Question 2

Describe what briefly happens at the descending limb?

Answer 2

Reabsorption of water

Question 3

What are the 3 structural areas of the loop of Henle?

Answer 3

The descending limb, thick ascending limb and thin ascending limb

Question 4

Describe briefly what happens at the ascending limbs?

Question 5

How is there a potassium gradient established within the TAL?

Question 6

How does the sodium ions enter the cell in the TAL? (Check)

Answer 6

NKCC2

Answer 7

Barttin and CLCK

Question 8

How is potassium ions recycled within the TAL? (Check)

Answer 8

Diffuses in via NKCC2 and diffuses out via ROMK

Question 9

Is the transport of Calcium and magnesium ions paracellular or transcellular in TAL ? (Check)

Answer 9

Paracellular

Question 10

What is bartter’s syndrome?

Question 11

What are the symptoms of Bartter’s syndrome?

Answer 11

Salt wasting & polyuria
Hypotension
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypercalciuria - nephrocalcinosis

Question 12

What is salt wasting and polyuria?

Answer 12

Salt wasting - Excessive loss of sodium through urination..
Polyuria - Excessive urination whic leads to dehydration.

Question 13

What is hypotension ?

Answer 13

Low blood pressure caused by dehydration.

Question 14

What is Hypokalaemia?

Answer 14

Low level of pottasium due to renal losses.

Question 15

What is hypercalciuria?

Answer 15

Excessive loss of calcium through urination which can cause kidney stones.

Question 16

What happens to Bartter’s syndrome patients within the TAL?

Answer 16

The 3 receptors

Question 17

What happens to the TAL when NKCC2 is mutated?

Answer 17

Reduced Sodium, Potassium, Chloride Reabsorption and increased salt excretion.

Question 18

What happens to the ROMK when mutated with Bartter’s syndrome?

Answer 18

Reduced Potassium Secretion.

Question 19

What happens to the CLCK/ Barttin when mutated with Bartter’s syndrome?

Answer 19

Impaired Chloride Channel Function, Salt wasting , polyuria

Question 20

What is loop diuretics?

Answer 20

They are a type of medications used to remove excessive water from the loop of henle also known as water pills.

Answer 21

Furosemide and Bumetanide

Question 22

What are the effects of Loop diuretics?

Question 23

What happens at the early DT (distal tubule)? (Finish)

Answer 23

Reabsorption Sodium ions and

Question 24

How does the chlorine enter and leave the early distal tubule?

Answer 24

Mention the types of transporters involved

Question 25

What does NCC do in the early distal tubule?

Question 26

What are thiazide diuretics?

Question 27

What happens to the NCC when thiazide diuretics are administered?

Question 28

What happens if you’re given too much Thiazide diuretics?

Question 29

What is Gitelman’s syndrome?

Question 30

Is Gitelman’s syndrome recessive or dominant?

Answer 30

Recessive

Question 31

What are the symptoms of Gitelman’s syndrome? (Check)

Answer 31

Hypotension
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypocalciuria

Question 32

What difference(s) are there in symptoms between the Bartter’s syndrome and Gitelman’s syndrome?

Answer 32

Hypokalaemia in Gitelman’s syndrome
(I think one should be hyper and one should be hypo. Double check)

Question 33

What is immunohistochemical analysis?

Answer 33

it is a laboratory technique used to visualize and localize specific proteins or other antigens in cells and tissues.

Question 34

What is actin in immunohistochemical analysis?

Answer 34

Membrane marker