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Intro To Physio With Pharmacology > L13 The Heart > Flashcards

L13 The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Pericardium is a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds heart

Acts like a protective bubble for your heart. Reduces friction as it beats

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2
Q

How many chambers are within the heart?

A

4 chambers

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3
Q

What does the right atrium (RA) receive?

A

Deoxygenated systemtic venous return

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4
Q

Where does the right ventricle (RV) push blood to?

A

Pushes blood to pulmonary circulation for oxygenation

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5
Q

Where does the left atrium (LA) receive oxygenated blood from?

A

From pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

Where does the left ventricle (LV) pump oxygenated blood to?

A

Pushes blood to head and body under high pressure

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7
Q

What does the work pulmonary refer to?

A

Refers to anything related to lungs

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8
Q

How many circulations are there within the heart?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circulation

Pulmonary ( between heart and lungs)
Systemic ( between heart and body)

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9
Q

What do valves do?

A

Valves control unidirectional blood flow in cardiac cycle

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10
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves called?

A

Mitral and tricuspid

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11
Q

What are the two semilunar valves called?

A

Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve

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12
Q

What is chordae tendinae?

A

They are thin, strong cords of fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

What connects the atrioventricular valves to the cardiac walls?

A

Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

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14
Q

What is the heart wall made of?

A

Endocardium - outermost
Myocardium
Epicardium

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15
Q

What are conducting cells?

A

They are a group of cells that are responsible for rapidly generating action potentials (AP)

Specialised cardiac cells

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16
Q

What are contractile cells?

A

They are responsible for contraction of the heart via action potentials (AP)

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17
Q

What is the link between the electrical signals and contraction of the myocytes (excitation - contraction coupling)?

A

Calcium ion release

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18
Q

Give me a structural property of the myocardium

A

Has extensively branched muscle fibre cell - connected by intercalated discs (ID)

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19
Q

What do gap junctions (GJ) do?

A

They facilitate the depolarisation current flow from cell to cell

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20
Q

What do Desmosomes do?

A

They act as strong anchoring points between the cells

anchor fibres together

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21
Q

How does excitation - contraction coupling happen?

A

Action potential triggered in sarcolemma which spreads to the T tubules which releases calcium ions which binds the actin adn myosin together creating a large instantaneous force

22
Q

Where do electrical signals originate from ?

A

The sinoatrial node (SAN)

23
Q

What is the body’s natural pacemaker called? (The 1st pacemaker)

A

Sinoatrial node

24
Q

What is Action potential (AP) propagation?

A

It’s the process by which electrical signals, or nerve impulses, travel along the axon of a neuron

25
Q

What two ways can AP propogate?

A

Cell to cell via gap junctions
Conduting pathways

AP - action potential

26
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

Acts as a secondary pacemaker

Located in the right atrium

27
Q

Why is the atrioventricular node 0.1s delayed compared to the SA node?

A

It allows the atria to fully contract and empy their blood into the ventricles before the venctricles contract.

Maximises efficiency of blood pumping

28
Q

What does the atrioventricular ring do?

A

It prevents the direct spread of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles

29
Q

What is the secondary (backup) pacekmaker?

A

AVN - atriovenventricular node

30
Q

What is the ‘His- Purkinje fibre system’?

A

Specialised network of cells in the heart that rapidly conducts electrical impulses throughout the ventricles

31
Q

What are the average bpm of each pacemaker?

A

1st - 60-100/min
2nd - 40bpm
3rd - 20bpm

32
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

Atrial depolarisation
Contraction of atrium, increases pressure

33
Q

What happens during isovolumentric ventricular contraction?

A

Purkinje fibre electrical activation causes ventricles to contract (systole), which increases pressure

When AV close, ventricular has more pressure than atrial chamber

34
Q

What are the two AV valves?

A

Mitral and tricupsid valves

35
Q

What are the two semilunar valves called?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

36
Q

What happens during rapid ventricular ejection?

A
  • Semi lunar valves (SLV) open and rapid blood ejection
  • Ventricular volume decreases
37
Q

What happens during reduced ventricular ejection?

A
  • SLV still open - blood still ejected
  • Arterial volume decreases
  • Blood transfered to ‘arterial tree’ by elastic recoil
38
Q

What happens during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A
  • Begins after ventricles fully repolarised
  • Ventricles relaxed - pressure decreases
  • SLV close
39
Q

What happens during rapid ventricular filling?

A
  • Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure
  • Mitral and tricuspid valves open
40
Q

What happens during ventricular filling?

A

Longest phase of cardiac cycle and includes last portion of ventricular filling

41
Q

List the order of the sequence of how blood flows through the heart (7)

A

-Atrial systole
-Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
-Rapid ventricular ejection
- Reduced ventricular ejection
- Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
- Rapid ventricular filling
- Reduced ventricular filling

42
Q

How do myocytes vary in anatomy and channels?

A

They have time dependent + voltage gated (VG) currents

Ion channels open and close in response to changes in membrane voltage and time

43
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

44
Q

Are the IC and EC currents in the heart muscle cells equal and opposite?

A

Yes.

45
Q

What is ‘sum of vectors’?

A

Refers to the collective electrical activity generated by millions of individual cells as they depolraise and repolarise

46
Q

What detects the sum of vectors?

A

By electrodes on the body’s surface

47
Q

Why are electrodes measured in planes?

A

Electrodes measure in planes because they capture the electrical activity of the heart from different angles

Can cause a positive or a negative deflection

48
Q

What does the P wave stand for?

A

Depolarisation of atria

49
Q

What does the QRS complex mean?

A

Depolarisation of ventricles

50
Q

What does the T wave stand for?

A

Repolarisation of ventricles

Intro To Physio With Pharmacology (16 decks)

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