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S1 Intro To Physio With Pharmacology > L15 Clotting > Flashcards

L15 Clotting Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a complex fluid of cellular components suspended in water ECF (Plasma - Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platelets)

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2
Q

Composition of plasma?

A
  1. Pale watery solution of electrolytes
  2. Plasma proteins
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Lipids
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3
Q

What is Albumin?

A

Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma. Maintains osmotic pressure, binds steroids, T3, Bilirubin, bile salts and FA

T3- thyroid hormones
FA - fatty acids

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4
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A

It is the precursor of fibrin and is a clotting protein

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5
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

They are also known as antibodies which are produced by plasma cells

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6
Q

How many other plasma proteins are there involved in blood coagulation?

Blood coagulation - blood clotting

A

12.

(Just know there’s alot of plasma proteins)

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7
Q

How do you calculate the hematocrit?

A

Height of RBCs/ total height

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8
Q

What is RBC?

A

Red Blood Cells

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9
Q

What is the most abundant cell in blood?

A

Erythrocytes.

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10
Q

How do Erythrocytes maintain its biconcave shape?

A

Maintained by cytoskeleton anchored to plasma membrane

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11
Q

What are the 3 major functions of Erythrocytes?

A
  1. Oxygen carriage from lungs to systemic system
  2. Carbon dioxide carriage from tissues to lungs
  3. Buffering of acids/ bases
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12
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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13
Q

Are there loads of different types of white blood cells?

A

There are 7:
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Dendtritic
B-cell
T- cell

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14
Q

What is TPO?

A

Thrombopoietin

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15
Q

How are platelets generated?

A
  1. TPO is produced
  2. TPO binds to receptors on megakaryocytes
  3. Megakaryocytes mature and produce platelets
  4. Platelets are released into the blood stream

TPO - Thrombopoietin

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16
Q

How does Haemostasis occur?

A
  1. Vascoconstriction
  2. Increased tissue pressure
    3.Platelet plug (1* haemostasis)
  3. Clot formation (2* haemostasis)
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17
Q

What is the series of events for platelet plug formation?

A

A) Platelet Adhesion
B) Platelet Activation
C) Platelet Aggregation

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18
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Prevention of haemorrhage

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19
Q

What organelles do platelets contain?

A

Mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, alpha granules and dense - core granules

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20
Q

What are the key components of an alpha granule?

A

-Growth factors: Promotes cell proliferation and wound healing (PDGF - platelet - derived growth factor).
-Adhesion proteins: Helps platelets adhere to each other and damaged vessels ( VWF - von willebrand factor) and (fibrinogen)
- Coagulation factors

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21
Q

What are alpha granules?

A

Alpha ganules contain a variety of proteins that play a crucial role in haemostasis

22
Q

How do platelets bind to other things?

A

External coat rich in platelet receptors

23
Q

What happens to the cytoskeleton when the platelets are active?

A

Goes from a discoid (shape like a disc) shape to a dynamic shape change when activated

24
Q

What does the platelet cytoskeleton contain?

A

Myosin and actin

25
Q

What is the initial step of platelet plug formation?

A

Platelet Adhesion.

26
Q

What is the aim behind platelet plug formation?

A

Form a rapid temporary seal to prevent further blood loss

27
Q

What is the most thrombogenic?

A

Subendothelial collagen

28
Q

What is Platelet adhesion? *

A

It is a critical process in the body’s response to vascular injury, involving attachment of platelets to the damaged wall.

29
Q

What is the order of the platelet plug formation? *

A
  1. Platelet Adhesion
  2. Platelet Activation
  3. Platelet Aggregation
  4. Blood clot formation
30
Q

What does VWF mean in blood?

A

von Willebrand factor

31
Q

Where does VWF bind to in platelet adhesion
?

A

Exposed collagen and platelet receptors.

32
Q

What is the role of VWF in platelet activation?

A

Increases platelet adherence and activation by acting as a bridge between the vessel wall and platelets.

33
Q

What is the role of ADP in platelet activation?

A

Works in conjunction with thromboxane to further amplify platelet activation and aggregation.

34
Q

What is the role of PDGF in platelet activation?

A

Promotes cell proliferation and wound healing.

35
Q

What does thromboxane do?

A

Vasoconstriction and inflammation.

36
Q

Are there cytoskeletal changes during platelet activation?

A

Yes - lamellipodium and filopodia.

37
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen receptors in platelet activation?

A

Bind to fibrinogen forming bridges between platelets and leading to formation of platelet plug.

38
Q

Explain platelet aggregation in processes?

A
  1. Platelet fibrinogen receptors bind to plasma fibrinogen
  2. Forms molecular bridge between platelets.
  3. Plugs breach in endothelium
  4. Actin and mysosin contracts leading to
39
Q

Describe blood clot formation?

A

Slow and complex process involving cascade of clotting factors leading to more permanent fibrin mesh.

40
Q

What is the blood clot made up of?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Serum
  4. Mesh of fibrin and platelets.
41
Q

What does activation of blood clot formation trigger?

A

Chain reaction converting precursors to activating factors.

42
Q

What is thrombus?

A

intravascular clot.

43
Q

How does Instrinsic pathway (Contact activation and surface damage) of clotting happen?

A
  1. Initiated by factors within blood in contact with the negatively charged membrane surface of the activated platelet.
  2. Cascade of protease reactions.
  3. Ending in activated Factor Xa
44
Q

Explain process of Extrinsic pathway (Trauma and inflammation) ?

A
  1. Injury to endothelium allows ‘tissue factor’ (receptor) in subendothelial cells to become activated when blood factor VII in contact
  2. Ending in Activated factor X.
45
Q

What happens in the common pathway after intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms?

A

Factor Xa from both pathways enters common pathway to generate thrombin (enzyme) and produce stable fibrin.

46
Q

How is prevention of haemostasis( Blood clot prevention) achieved?

A

Homeostatic Mechanisms:
1. Promotion of anti-thrombotic state through normal endothelial cells, paracrine factors inhibiting platelet adhesion and aggregation.
2. Promotion of pro - thrombotic state through event of vascular damage and hypoxia - expression of procoagulants.

47
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Plasma contains Albumin, Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins

48
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

They are also known as RBCs, most common type of cell and the principal means of delivering O2 to the respiring tissues

RBCs - red blood cells

49
Q

Explain normal blood flow?

A
  1. Laminae of blood forms concentric cylinders
  2. Velocities increase from wall to centre.
  3. Creates Laminar flow, max velocity at centre.
  4. Abnormal (Turbulent) blood flow leads to endothelial injury.
50
Q

What causes turbulent flow?

A
  1. Local stenosis
  2. Large radius
  3. High velocity.
51
Q

What is arterial thrombosis?

A

Erosure or ruption of atherosclerotic plaque.

52
Q

What does Virchow triad mean?

A
  1. Abnormal blood flow
  2. Endothelial injury
  3. Hypercoagulability.

S1 Intro To Physio With Pharmacology (30 decks)

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