L16: Migration And Health Flashcards
What are the main reasons why people migrate
To financially support themselves
Education
Forced
Join or accompany family
To find out how many people migrate what sources can we collect the data from
GP registration
Population survey
National insurance number
What is forced migration
Movement of refugees and displaced by conflicts, natural and environment disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famines development and projects, religious or political beliefs, food insecurity and climate change
Where do people usually migrate to
Developing countries
Neighbouring countries
What is mixed migration
People who move in one flow that is mixed with men, women and children at the same time who are often forced to leave.
How do most people take the route to Europe
Via the sea route on boats
Who does the migration cycle apply to
Forced and Inforced migration
What can occur between origin and destination within the migration cycle
Short term transit
Interception
Long term transit
What are the 3 modes that the destination of the migration cycle can be
Temporary
Circular i.e go back to origin and then return again
Permanent
What does a migrant mean
Anyone who moves
What does asylum seeker mean
A person seeking asylum in a different country
What does refugee mean
Person with an accepted well founded claim for asylum
What does failed asylum seeker mean
Someone who claims for asylum and is rejected
What does undocumented mean
Someone with no documents to prove their right to remain under immigration regulations
What does visa over stayer mean
Person who arrived with a visa which has now expired
What does stateless mean
Someone with no citizenship anywhere in the world
What is trafficking
When someone is transferred or recruited from origin to another destination by force or coercion, deception (been lied to) which results in control over another person for the purpose of exploitation
What is smuggling
When a person pays another person to transport them illegally into another country
What is modern slavery
This included trafficking and exploitation and overlaps with smuggling if the person cannot pay the smuggler so the person performs forced or compulsory labour
What is resettlement
Official programmes to move recognised refugees from origin to high income countries
What are the 4 phases of refugee
1) anticipation
2) adversity
3) survival
4) integration
What is anticipation about
Adverse treatment due to race, ethnicity, sexuality, religion or politics
What is adversity about
Conflict, ethnic cleansing, sexual violence, torture i,e things that are harder to ignore so people make decision to move
What is survival about
The risks and challenges of the journey
What is integration about
Challenges and barries in the host country
What are some challenges to a journey
Drowning Violence from border officials and police Unsafe transport Hypothermia/ hostile environments Carbon monoxide Unsafe and unsanitary conditions
What is the hostile environment in the U.K.
Everybody has to prove a right to reside to access rental accommodation, employment, bank account etc.
What is the aim for hostile environment.
Make it difficult to function in the U.K. if you do not have stable immigration status
Does hostile environment cause people to move back
No they continue to leave in the U.K. with more difficult situations
What is the support seeking asylum can get in the U.K.
Basic accommodation
Limited financial support of £37/week
Not allowed to work
What does the path to indefinite leave to remain involve
Reapplying for a visa every 2-5 years and accomadate in the U.K. for at least 10 years to become a U.K. citizenship and grant indefinite remain to leave
What are the challenges to the path to indefinite leave to remain
Cost
What does destitution mean
Going without the basic necessities of life such as home, food, heating, lightning etc
Or
Income of less than £70 per week
What is no recourse to public funds mean
This is when someone is in the U.K. legally but cannot have benefits
Who cannot have public funds
Adults dependent on spouse of someone with settled immigration
Parent of a child who is in the U.K.
visa overstay
Can adults that do not have public funds receive healthcare and social services
Yes
What are the barriers to integration within the phases of refugee
Language barriers Education Employment Family separation Low wage occupation with high risk hazards
How can mental health be affected due to migration
Torture or exposure to violence
Detention
Ongoing uncertainty- waiting for decision
Challenges with integration
What disorder are refugees who have been tortured likely to experience
Post traumatic stress syndrome
What are both male and female refugees at risk of
Sexual violence
Exploitation
Transactional sex
What are chances of migrants transmit infectious disease to the community
Very low but at high risk of transmitting it to household members
What is a good way to control infectious disease with migrants
Screen for: HIV Hep B Hep C TB
Is nationality and immigration status relevant for GP registration
No anyone can become registered with a GP
When can charges in healthcare occur
In secondary care
What type of treatment if provided regardless of status
Urgent and immediate
What is the NHS surcharge
People with a visa for more than 6 months are asked to pay a fee of £400 to the NHS
Which services in the secondary care are exempt of charge
A&E
Family planning services
Communicable disease
