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DEM > L11: Female Genital Mutilation > Flashcards

L11: Female Genital Mutilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Female genital mutilation (FGM)

A

A term used by WHP make it clear that FGM is avid action of human rights, emphasise harmfulness of act

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2
Q

What is FGM distinct from

A

Male circumcision

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3
Q

Why are the following terms of female genital cutting, excision, genital cutting used by some people

A

People feel that mutilation stigmatises FGM affected communities

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4
Q

What term does WHO state that is should be avoided for use

A

Female circumcision

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5
Q

Why should female circumcision be avoided

A

It is felt to be misleading as it suggests a similarity to male circumcision

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6
Q

What is the definition of FGM

A

Partial or compete removal of or injury to female genitalia for NON-MEDICAL reasons

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7
Q

How many types of FGM is there

A

4 types

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8
Q

What differs from as you increase from type 1 to type 3

A

Amount of genital tissue cut increases

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9
Q

What is the type 3 FGM also called

A

Infibulation

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10
Q

What is type 1 also called

A

Clitoridectomy

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11
Q

What is type 1 FGM

A

Partial or total removal of the clitoral hood or clitorial glans

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12
Q

What is type 2 FGM also called

A

Excision

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13
Q

What is type 2 FGM

A

Partial or total removal of clitoral glans and inner labia or/and outer labia

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14
Q

What is type 3 also known as

A

Infilbulation

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15
Q

What is type 3 FGM

A

Partial or total removal of the clitoris glans and inner Labia or/and outer labia with inner or/and outer labia sewn together leaving a small hole

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16
Q

What is the small hole in type 3 for

A

Urination or sexual intercourse

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17
Q

What is type 4 FGM

A

Any other harmful procedure that involves piercing, scraping, burning, pricking

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18
Q

Which countries does FGM predominantly occur occur

A

Africa (most)
Eastern Europe
Latin America

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19
Q

What is happening to the prevalence of FGM

A

Declining very slowly (but not fast enough)

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20
Q

In the U.K. what are the 2 statistics sources we have for FGM

A

Census data from 2011

NHS digital from 2015+

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21
Q

What does NHS digital data rely on to date FGM

A

Healthcare professionals knowledge of FGM

FGM survivors that access healthcare services

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22
Q

What are the strength of census based estimates

A
  • Good starting point
  • record changes in population
  • accessible for analysis
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23
Q

What are the weaknesses of census based estimates

A
  • estimated
  • too generalised
  • only collected every 10 years
24
Q

What are the strengths of NHS digital data

A
  • accessible
  • clean data
  • enable service planning
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of NHS digital data

A
  • poor data recording
  • statistics are experimental
  • low reliability in some areas
26
Q

Are there any health benefits of FGM

A

No

27
Q

What are the categories of impact of FGM

A

Health
Psychological
Sexual
Economic

28
Q

What are the immediate impacts of FGM to the female

A 
Cut without Anaesthetic- pain 
Haemorrhage 
Acute urinary retention 
Urinary, vaginal infection 
Septicaemia 
Trauma 
Transmission of Hep b, HIV
Death 
Bone fracture - due to being held down
29
Q

What are the shorter term impacts of FGM on the female

A 
Delayed wound healing 
Scarring 
Pelvic infection 
Epidermoid cysts 
Neuroma
30
Q

What are the longer term impacts of FGM on females

A 
Reproductive tract infection 
Impaired flow of menstrual 
Painful menstruation 
Painful urination 
Painful sex 
Childbirth 
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Social trauma 
Mental health 
Increased risk of HIV 
Death
31
Q

How can type 3 FGM be treated

A

Deinfibulation

32
Q

What is type 3 deinfibulation

A

You release the vagina opening and suture the raw edges to prevent it healing back together

33
Q

In what settings can de-infibulation be done

A

Outside pregnancy
Antepartum
Intra partum

34
Q

What are the benefits of de-infibulation

A

Improved health
Wellbeing
Allow sexual intercourse
Allows childbirth

35
Q

Describe how the FGM procedure is performed on females

A

1) circumsers use razors, scissors, broken glans, sharpened glass to cut
2) no anaesthetic
3) unsanitary condition
4) girl is held down
4) legs are bond for weeks after the procedure

36
Q

What are the 6 categorical reasons for FGM

A

1) sociological and cultural reasons
2) psychosexual reasons
3) socio-economic factors
4) hygiene and feminity reasons
5) marriage ability
6) religious reasons

37
Q

What are the sociological and cultural reasons for FGM

A
  • historical and cultural tradition
  • respect for elderly
  • acceptance in community
  • community identity
  • gender inequality i.e male control
  • myths about clitoris growing into a penis
  • passage from childhood to woman hood
38
Q

What are the psychosexual reasons

A
  • control of woman’s sexuality
  • preservation of her virginity before marriage
  • increase male sexual pleasure as the hole is much tighter
  • protect family honour
39
Q

What are the socio-economic factors

A

Prerequisite for marriage and right to inherent

Income for cutters

40
Q

What are the hygiene and feminity reasons for FGM

A

Cut is perceives as clean
Spiritual purity
Hygiene
Clitoris is seen as masculine so removal makes is feminity

41
Q

What are the marriage ability reasons

A

Eligible for marriage

Mean want to marry cut woman

42
Q

What are the religious reasons

A

Religious obligation but there is no evidence in books

43
Q

When might a child be at risk of FGM

A 
Child mother has had FGM 
Father from a FGM background 
Parent say they are taking her abroad 
Girl is withdrawal from FGM lessons 
Family thinks FGM is important
44
Q

What should be done with a girl has had FGM

A

Documented in medical notes

Referral to social services

45
Q

Under what act is FGM illegal in the U.K.

A

Serious crime act 2015

46
Q

What are the offences of FGM

A

Committing FGM
Assisting a girl
Assisting a non U.K. person to mutilate overseas
Faulting to protect a girl at risk

47
Q

What is mandatory recording

A

In regards to adult women, as HCP you record into the nhs data set and medical notes

48
Q

What is mandatory reporting

A

As a result of serious crime act 2015 you have to report under 18s as all healthcare professionals

49
Q

When do you have to directly report to the police

A
  • girls under 18
  • examination reveals she has had FGM
  • girl discloses FGM
50
Q

When you report to the police can you transfer the responsibility to another HCP

A

NO the duty is personal

51
Q

When does mandatory reporting not apply

A
  • woman over 18
  • if you think a girl has FGM but she does not disclose it and no signs and symptoms are seen
  • if it has been reported already
52
Q

How do you report as a HCP

A
  • call police by 101
  • make a detailed record on it system
  • alert senior manager and safeguarding lead
53
Q

When should you report

A

As soon as possible by end of next working day

54
Q

In FGM act 2003 what are the expectational cases for reporting

A

Up to 1 month with reasons of delay in reporting

55
Q

What happens if you as a HCP fail to report

A
  • failure to fitness to practise

- regulators consider your ability to practise safely

56
Q

After post partum is it legal or illegal to suture to re-infinbulate after birth

A

Illegal

DEM (21 decks)

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