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DEM > L13: Organ Transplantation > Flashcards

L13: Organ Transplantation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of donor donation

A

Brain stem death
Circulatory death
Living donor

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2
Q

What is brainstem death

A

Brainstem is not functioning but heart is beating

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3
Q

What is circulatory death

A

Heart is not beating

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4
Q

What organs can living donors donate

A

Kidney

Part of liver

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5
Q

To become a donor where do you have to die

A

In a controlled manner i.e in the hospital

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6
Q

What is the organ numbers like

A

Organ shortage

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7
Q

What should a good donation system enable

A
  • maximise organs for transplant
  • improve or extend lives
  • utilitarian approach i.e greatest good for the greatest number
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8
Q

To maximise the number of organs donated what can we do

A

Make organ donation compulsory

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9
Q

What is the act called for organ transplant in the U.K.

A

Human tissue act 2004

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10
Q

What areas does the human tissue act 2004 cover

A 
Anatomical examination 
Determining cause of death 
Public display 
Education 
Transplantation
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11
Q

In addition to the human tissue act 2004 what other guidelines are available that provide info an how to apply the act to clinical practice

A

Code of practise

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12
Q

In order to become a donor what needs to be obtained from the patient

A

Consent

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13
Q

What was the old U.K. organ donation system called

A

Opt in system

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14
Q

What is the opt in system

A

If you want to become a donor you have to sign up

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15
Q

What does the opt in system allow

A
  • respect autonomy

- certainty that the person wanted it

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16
Q

What is the current U.K. organ donation system called

A

Opt out system

17
Q

What are the disadvantages of opt in

A
  • people who want it never get to to sign up
  • doesn’t provide enough organs
  • autonomous is not respected if the person has not joined
18
Q

What is the opt out system

A

People who do not want to become a donor have to take action, those who do not take action is presumed that they want to become a organ donor

19
Q

What are the advantages of opt out system

A
  • more organ donation
  • still allows people for a choice and respects autonomy
  • consequentialist (consequence matter even if the act is bad)
20
Q

What are the disadvantages of the opt out system

A
  • people are unaware of the new organ donation system
  • makes it look organ donation is compulsory
  • people may want to opt out but never get the opportunity
  • people may change their mind
21
Q

What is the soft opt out system

A
  • Relatives are asked if the patient would of wanted the organ donation to proceed
  • If relative think that they patient did not want it then if they provide the evidence organ donation would not go ahead.
22
Q

What is the hard opt out sytem

A

Whatever the organ register says is the final say, you do not ask the relatives.

23
Q

What are the ethical issues with the opt out system

A
  • is presumed consent really consent as consent requires capacity and voluntariness
  • consent requires decision, if someone has not decided are they giving consent ?
  • people know little about it
  • presumed consent makes it look like your are forcing the patients
24
Q

Is presumed consent sufficient for whole body donation

A

No

25
Q

What type of consent is required for whole body consent

A

Appropriate valid consent

26
Q

Who can only give the consent for whole body donation

A

Person donating their body only

27
Q

What does the consent have to be for whole body donation

A

Written consent

28
Q

What can the written consent be

A
  • signed by one person and with 1 witness
    Or
  • contained in the will of that person
29
Q

What is the basic tennant of fairness model

A

Those who freely cause bad consequence should carry the burden of them i.e people who opt out should have low priority if they need organ donation

30
Q

Which factors are considered for organ allocation

A

Likely benefit of waiting
Fairness
Tissue matching

31
Q

What are the pros of basic tennnant of fairness

A

You can help yourself if you becomes an organ donor

Increases number of donors

32
Q

What are the cons of the basic tenant of fairness

A
  • this model is odd within the NHS policy as NHS does not base allocation on past behaviour
  • problem cases where people could never donate their organs anyway

DEM (21 decks)

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