L15 Flashcards
personally
[‘pə:sənəli] adv. 亲自地；当面；个别地；就自己而言
Adv.1 : in person attend to the matter personally
2 : as a person : in personality personally attractive but not very trustworthy
3 : for oneself : as far as oneself is concerned personally, I don’t want to go
4 : in a personal manner don’t take this personally
perspective
[pə’spektiv] n. 观点；远景；透视图
adj. 透视的
n.1 a : the technique or process of representing on a plane or curved surface the spatial relation of objects as they might appear to the eye; specifically : representation in a drawing or painting of parallel lines as converging in order to give the illusion of depth and distance b : a picture in perspective
2 a : the interrelation in which a subject or its parts are mentally viewed places the issues in proper perspective; also : POINT OF VIEW b : the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance urge you to maintain your perspective and to view your own task in a larger framework ?W. J. Cohen
3 a : a visible scene; especially : one giving a distinctive impression of distance : VISTA b : a mental view or prospect to gain a broader perspective on the international scene ?Current Biography
4 : the appearance to the eye of objects in respect to their relative distance and positions
Adj.1 obsolete : aiding the vision his eyes should be like unto the wrong end of a perspective glass ?Alexander Pope
2 : of, relating to, employing, or seen in perspective perspective drawing
perspicacious
[,pə:spi’keiʃəs] adj. 有洞察力的；聪颖的；敏锐的
Adj. : of acute mental vision or discernment : KEEN
synonyms see SHREWD
perspicuous
[pə’spikjuəs] adj. 明了的；清晰明白的；易懂的
Adj.: plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation a perspicuous argument
synonyms see CLEAR
perspire
[pəs’paiə] vi. 流汗；分泌；渗出
vt. 使流汗；分泌出
vi. : to emit matter through the skin; specifically : to secrete and emit perspiration
persuasive
[pə’sweisiv, -ziv] adj. 有说服力的；劝诱的，劝说的
Adj.: tending to persuade
pertinent
[‘pə:tinənt] adj. 相关的，相干的；中肯的；切题的
Adj. : having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand
synonyms see RELEVANT
pervade
[pə:’veid, pə-] vt. 遍及；弥漫
vt.: to become diffused throughout every part of
pervasive
[pə:’veisiv, pə-] adj. 普遍的；到处渗透的
Adj. : pervading or tending to pervade a pervasive odor
pesticide
[‘pestisaid] n. 杀虫剂
n. : an agent used to destroy pests
pestilential
[,pesti’lenʃəl] adj. 引起瘟疫的；瘟疫似的；讨厌的
Adj.1 a : causing or tending to cause pestilence : DEADLY b : of or relating to pestilence
2 : morally harmful : PERNICIOUS
3 : giving rise to vexation or annoyance : IRRITATING
petroleum
[pi’trəuliəm, pə-] n. 石油
n.: an oily flammable bituminous liquid that may vary from almost colorless to black, occurs in many places in the upper strata of the earth, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amounts of other substances, and is prepared for use as gasoline, naphtha, or other products by various refining processes
petulant
[‘petjulənt, -tʃə-] adj. 暴躁的；任性的；难以取悦的
Adj.1 : insolent or rude in speech or behavior
2 : characterized by temporary or capricious ill humor : PEEVISH
pharmaceutical
[,fɑ:mə’sju:tikəl] adj. 制药（学）的
n. 药物
Adj. : of, relating to, or engaged in pharmacy or the manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals a pharmaceutical company
n. : a medicinal drug
phenomenal
[fi’nɔminəl, fə-] adj. 现象的；显著的；异常的；能知觉的
Adj.: relating to or being a phenomenon: as a : known through the senses rather than through thought or intuition b : concerned with phenomena rather than with hypotheses c : EXTRAORDINARY, REMARKABLE
synonyms see MATERIAL
philanthropic
[,filən’θrɔpik] adj. 博爱的；仁慈的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or characterized by philanthropy : HUMANITARIAN
2 : dispensing or receiving aid from funds set aside for humanitarian purposes
philistine
[‘filistain; fi’listin] adj. 俗气的；无教养的；腓力斯人的
n. 俗气的人；[谑]-仇敌；门外汉
n.1 : a native or inhabitant of ancient Philistia
2 often not capitalized a : a person who is guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic values b : one uninformed in a special area of knowledge
philosophic
[,fɪlə’sɑfɪkl]
adj. 哲学的；贤明的
adj.1 a : of or relating to philosophers or philosophy b : based on philosophy
2 : characterized by the attitude of a philosopher; specifically : calm or unflinching in the face of trouble, defeat, or loss
phlegmatic
[fleɡ’mætik] adj. 冷淡的；迟钝的；冷漠的
Adj.1 : resembling, consisting of, or producing the humor phlegm
2 : having or showing a slow and stolid temperament
synonyms see IMPASSIVE
phobia
['fəubiə, -bjə] n. 恐怖，憎恶；恐惧症 n.: an exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation
phonetic
[fəu’netik] adj. 语音的，语音学的；音形一致的；发音有细微区别的
Adj.1 a : of or relating to spoken language or speech sounds b : of or relating to the science of phonetics
2 : representing the sounds and other phenomena of speech: as a : constituting an alteration of ordinary spelling that better represents the spoken language, that employs only characters of the regular alphabet, and that is used in a context of conventional spelling b : representing speech sounds by means of symbols that have one value only c : employing for speech sounds more than the minimum number of symbols necessary to represent the significant differences in a speaker’s speech
photosensitive
[fəʊtəʊ’sensɪtɪv] adj. [电子] 光敏的；感光性的
Adj.1 : sensitive or sensitized to the action of radiant energy photosensitive paper
2 : being or caused by an abnormal reaction to sunlight photosensitive rashes
photosynthesis
[,fəutə’sinθəsis] n. [化]光合作用
n.: synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light; especially : formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water) in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light
physical
[‘fizikəl] adj. 物理的；身体的；物质的
n. [口]体格检查
Adj.1 a : of or relating to natural science b (1) : of or relating to physics (2) : characterized or produced by the forces and operations of physics
2 a : having material existence : perceptible especially through the senses and subject to the laws of nature everything physical is measurable by weight, motion, and resistance ?Thomas De Quincey b : of or relating to material things labor, in the physical world, isTemployed in putting objects in motion ?J. S. Mill
3 a : of or relating to the body physical abuse b (1) : concerned or preoccupied with the body and its needs : CARNAL physical appetites (2) : SEXUAL a physical love affair physical attraction c : characterized by especially rugged and forceful physical activity : ROUGH a physical hockey game a physical player
synonyms see MATERIAL
n. : PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
physiological
[,fiziə’lɔdʒikəl] adj. 生理学的，生理的
Adj.1 : of or relating to physiology
2 : characteristic of or appropriate to an organism’s healthy or normal functioning the sodium level was physiological
3 : differing in, involving, or affecting physiological factors a physiological strain of bacteria
picturesque
[,piktʃə’resk] adj. 独特的；生动的；别致的；图画般的
Adj.1 a : resembling a picture : suggesting a painted scene b : charming or quaint in appearance
2 : evoking mental images : VIVID
synonyms see GRAPHIC
piercing
[‘piəsiŋ] adj. 刺穿的；敏锐的；尖刻的；打动人心的
n. 熔化穿孔
v. 刺穿；感动；洞察adj. : PENETRATING: as a : LOUD, SHRILL piercing cries b : PERCEPTIVE piercing eyes c : penetratingly cold : BITING a piercing wind d : CUTTING, INCISIVE piercing sarcasm
n. : a piece of jewelry (as a ring or stud) that is attached to pierced flesh
piety
[‘paiəti] n. 虔诚；孝敬；虔诚的行为或语言
n.1 : the quality or state of being pious: as a : fidelity to natural obligations (as to parents) b : dutifulness in religion : DEVOUTNESS
2 : an act inspired by piety
3 : a conventional belief or standard : ORTHODOXY
synonyms see FIDELITY
pilgrim
[‘pilɡrim] n. 朝圣者；漫游者；（美）最初的移民
vi. 去朝圣；漫游
n.1 : one who journeys in foreign lands : WAYFARER
2 : one who travels to a shrine or holy place as a devotee
3 capitalized : one of the English colonists settling at Plymouth in 1620
pine
[pain] vi. 渴望，痛苦；憔悴
n. 松树；凤梨，菠萝
vt. 为…悲哀；哀悼
adj. 松木的；似松的
n.1 : any of a genus (Pinus of the family Pinaceae, the pine family) of coniferous evergreen trees that have slender elongated needles and include some valuable timber trees and ornamentals
2 : the straight-grained white or yellow usually durable and resinous wood of a pine varying from extreme softness in the white pine to hardness in the longleaf pine
3 : any of various Australian coniferous trees (as of the genera Callitris or Araucaria)
4 : PINEAPPLE
5 : BENCH 1c
vt.1 : to lose vigor, health, or flesh (as through grief) : LANGUISH
2 : to yearn intensely and persistently especially for something unattainable they still pined for their lost wealth
synonyms see LONG
pinpoint
[‘pinpɔint] vt. 查明；精确地找到；准确描述
adj. 精确的；详尽的
n. 针尖；精确位置；极小之物
n.1 : something that is extremely small or insignificant
2 : the point of a pin
3 : an extremely small or sharp point
Adj.1 : extremely fine or precise
2 : located, fixed, or directed with extreme precision pinpoint targets
3 : small as a pinpoint
vt.1 : to locate or aim with great precision or accuracy pinpoint a source
2 a : to fix, determine, or identify with precision pinpoint the cause b : to cause to stand out conspicuously : HIGHLIGHT
pious
[‘paiəs] adj. 虔诚的；敬神的；可嘉的；尽责的
Adj.1 a : marked by or showing reverence for deity and devotion to divine worship b : marked by conspicuous religiosity a hypocritea thing all pious words and uncharitable deeds ?Charles Reade*
2 : sacred or devotional as distinct from the profane or secular : RELIGIOUS a pious opinion
3 : showing loyal reverence for a person or thing : DUTIFUL
4 a : marked by sham or hypocrisy b : marked by self-conscious virtue : VIRTUOUS
5 : deserving commendation : WORTHY a pious effort
piousness
n.
righteousness by virtue of being pious
SYN: piety
pitcher
[‘pitʃə] n. 投手；大水罐
n.1 : a container for holding and pouring liquids that usually has a lip or spout and a handle
2 : a modified leaf of a pitcher plant in which the hollowed petiole and base of the blade form an elongated receptacle
n.: one that pitches; specifically : the player who pitches in a game of baseball
pitfall
[‘pitfɔ:l] n. 陷阱，圈套；缺陷；诱惑
Pitfalln.1 : TRAP, SNARE; specifically : a pit flimsily covered or camouflaged and used to capture and hold animals or men
2 : a hidden or not easily recognized danger or difficulty
pithy
[‘piθi] adj. 有髓的，多髓的；精练的；简洁有力的
Adj.1 : consisting of or abounding in pith
2 : having substance and point : tersely cogent
synonyms see CONCISE
pitiful
[‘pitiful] adj. 可怜的，令人同情的
Adj.1 archaic : full of pity : COMPASSIONATE
2 a : deserving or arousing pity or commiseration b : exciting pitying contempt (as by meanness or inadequacy) pitiful wages
pivotal
[‘pivətl] adj. 关键的；中枢的；枢轴的
n. 关键事物；中心事物
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or constituting a pivot
2 : vitally important : CRITICAL
placate
[plə’keit, ‘pleikeit, ‘plæ-] vt. 抚慰；怀柔；使和解
vt. : to soothe or mollify especially by concessions : APPEASE
synonyms see PACIFY
placebo
[plə’si:bəu] n. 安慰剂；为死者所诵的晚祷词
n.1 a : a usually pharmacologically inert preparation prescribed more for the mental relief of the patient than for its actual effect on a disorder b : an inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)
2 : something tending to soothe
placid
[‘plæsid] adj. 平静的；温和的；沉着的
Adj.: serenely free of interruption or disturbance placid skies a placid disposition; also : COMPLACENT 1
synonyms see CALM
plainspoken
[‘plein’spəukən] adj. 老实说的；直言不讳的；说话直率的
Adj. : CANDID, FRANK
plaintive
[‘pleintiv] adj. 哀伤的；悲哀的
Adj.: expressive of suffering or woe : MELANCHOLY a plaintive sigh
plastic
[‘plæstik,’plɑ:s-] adj. 塑料的；（外科）造型的；可塑的
n. 塑料制品；整形；可塑体
Adj.1 : FORMATIVE, CREATIVE plastic forces in nature
2 a : capable of being molded or modeled plastic clay b : capable of adapting to varying conditions : PLIABLE ecologically plastic animals
3 : SCULPTURAL
4 : made or consisting of a plastic
5 : capable of being deformed continuously and permanently in any direction without rupture
6 : of, relating to, or involving plastic surgery
7 : having a quality suggestive of mass-produced plastic goods; especially : ARTIFICIAL 4 plastic smiles
8 : relating to, characterized by, or exhibiting neural plasticity
n.1 : a plastic substance; specifically : any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials that are mostly thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight and that can be made into objects, films, or filaments
2 : credit cards used for payment ? called also plastic money
platitude
[‘plætitju:d] n. 陈词滥调；平凡；陈腐
n.1 : the quality or state of being dull or insipid
2 : a banal, trite, or stale remark
platitudinous
[,plæti’tju:dinəs] adj. 平凡的，陈腐的；陈词滥调的
Adj. : having the characteristics of a platitude : full of platitudes platitudinous remarks
plausible
[‘plɔ:zəble] adj. 貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的
Adj.1 : superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable but often specious a plausible pretext
2 : superficially pleasing or persuasive a swindlerT , then a quack, then a smooth, plausible gentleman ?R. W. Emerson
3 : appearing worthy of belief the argument was both powerful and plausible
plethora
[‘pleθərə] n. 过多；过剩；[医]多血症
n.1 : a bodily condition characterized by an excess of blood and marked by turgescence and a florid complexion
2 : EXCESS, SUPERFLUITY; also : PROFUSION, ABUNDANCE
pliable
[‘plaiəbl] adj. 柔韧的；柔软的；圆滑的；易曲折的
Adj.1 a : supple enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking b : yielding readily to others : COMPLAISANT
2 : adjustable to varying conditions
synonyms see PLASTIC
pliant
['plaiənt] adj. 顺从的；易弯的；易受影响的；能适应的 n. 顺从 Adj.1 : PLIABLE 1a 2 : easily influenced : YIELDING 3 : suitable for varied uses synonyms see PLASTIC
plot
[plɔt] n. 情节；图；阴谋
vt. 密谋；绘图；划分；标绘
vi. 密谋；策划；绘制
n.1 a : a small area of planted ground a vegetable plot b : a small piece of land in a cemetery c : a measured piece of land : LOT
2 : GROUND PLAN, PLAT
3 : the plan or main story (as of a movie or literary work)
4 [perhaps back-formation from complot] : a secret plan for accomplishing a usually evil or unlawful end : INTRIGUE
5 : a graphic representation (as a chart)
transitive verb
1 a : to make a plot, map, or plan of b : to mark or note on or as if on a map or chart
2 : to lay out in plots
3 a : to locate (a point) by means of coordinates b : to locate (a curve) by plotted points c : to represent (an equation) by means of a curve so constructed
4 : to plan or contrive especially secretly
5 : to invent or devise the plot of (as a movie or a literary work)
intransitive verb
1 : to form a plot : SCHEME
2 : to be located by means of coordinates the data plot at a single point
plumb
[plʌm] vt. 使垂直；探测，探索
n. 垂直；铅锤
adv. 恰恰，正；垂直地
vi. 当管子工
adj. 垂直的
n. : a lead weight attached to a line and used to indicate a vertical direction
Adv.1 : straight down or up : VERTICALLY
2 chiefly dialect : to a complete degree : ABSOLUTELY you’re plumb crazy, she remarked, with easy candor ?Harper’s Weekly
3 : in a direct manner : EXACTLY; also : without interval of time : IMMEDIATELY
transitive verb
1 : to weight with lead
2 a : to measure the depth of with a plumb b : to examine minutely and critically plumbing the book’s complexities
3 : to adjust or test by a plumb line
4 : to seal with lead
5 [back-formation from plumber] : to supply with or install as plumbing
intransitive verb : to work as a plumber
Adj.1 : exactly vertical or true
2 : THOROUGH, COMPLETE
synonyms see VERTICAL
plump
[plʌmp]
vt. 使丰满；使鼓起；突然放下
adv. 沉重地；突然地
vi. 变丰满；鼓起
adj. 圆胖的，丰满的；鼓起的
n. 扑通声
intransitive verb
1 : to drop, sink, or come in contact suddenly or heavily plumped down in the chair
2 : to favor or decide in favor of someone or something strongly or emphatically ? used with for
transitive verb
1 : to drop, cast, or place suddenly or heavily
2 : to give support and favorable publicity to
n.: a sudden plunge, fall, or blow; also : the sound made by a plump
Adv.1 : with a sudden or heavy drop
2 a : straight down b : straight ahead
3 : without qualification : DIRECTLY plump out of luck
n.chiefly dialect : GROUP, FLOCK a plump of ducks rose at the same time ?H. D. Thoreau
transitive verb : to make plump
intransitive verb : to become plump
Adj.1 : having a full rounded usually pleasing form a plump woman
2 : AMPLE, ABUNDANT
plunge
[plʌndʒ] n. 投入；跳进
vi. 投入；陷入；跳进
vt. 使陷入；使投入；使插入
Transitive verb
1 : to cause to penetrate or enter quickly and forcibly into something plunged the dagger
2 : to cause to enter a state or course of action usually suddenly, unexpectedly, or violently plunged the nation into economic depression
intransitive verb
1 : to thrust or cast oneself into or as if into water
2 a : to become pitched or thrown headlong or violently forward and downward; also : to move oneself in such a manner plunged off the embankment b : to act with reckless haste : enter suddenly or unexpectedly plunges into project after project c : to bet or gamble heavily and recklessly
3 : to descend or dip suddenly the stock’s value plunged
n.: an act or instance of plunging : DIVE; also : SWIM
poignant
[‘pɔinjənt, ‘pɔiɡnənt] adj. 尖锐的；辛酸的；深刻的；切中要害的
Adj.1 : pungently pervasive a poignant perfume
2 a (1) : painfully affecting the feelings : PIERCING (2) : deeply affecting : TOUCHING b : designed to make an impression : CUTTING poignant satire
3 a : pleasurably stimulating b : being to the point : APT
synonyms see PUNGENT, MOVING
poise
[pɔiz] n. 平衡；姿势；镇静
vt. 使平衡；保持…姿势
vi. 平衡；准备好；悬着
Transitive verb
1 a : BALANCE; especially : to hold or carry in equilibrium carried a water jar poised on her head b : to hold supported or suspended without motion in a steady position poised her fork and gave her guest a knowing look ?Louis Bromfield
2 : to hold or carry (the head) in a particular way
3 : to put into readiness : BRACE
intransitive verb
1 : to become drawn up into readiness
2 : HOVERn.1 : a stably balanced state : EQUILIBRIUM a poise between widely divergent impulses ?F. R. Leavis
2 a : easy self-possessed assurance of manner : gracious tact in coping or handling; also : the pleasantly tranquil interaction between persons of poise no angry outbursts marred the poise of the meeting b : a particular way of carrying oneself : BEARING, CARRIAGE
synonyms see TACT
n. : a centimeter-gram-second unit of viscosity equal to the viscosity of a fluid that would require a shearing force of one dyne to impart to a one-square-centimeter area of an arbitrary layer of the fluid a velocity of one centimeter per second relative to another layer separated from the first by a distance of one centimeter
polar
[‘pəulə] adj. 极地的；两极的；正好相反的
n. [数]极面；极线
Adj.1 a : of or relating to a geographic pole or the region around it b : coming from or having the characteristics of such a region c (1) : passing over a celestial body’s north and south poles a satellite in a polar orbit (2) : traveling in a polar orbit a polar satellite
2 : of or relating to one or more poles (as of a magnet)
3 : serving as a guide a polar principle a polar theory
4 : diametrically opposite polar positions on the issue
5 : exhibiting polarity; especially : having a dipole or characterized by molecules having dipoles a polar solvent
6 : resembling a pole or axis around which all else revolves : PIVOTAL polar events
7 : of, relating to, or expressed in polar coordinates polar equations; also : of or relating to a polar coordinate system
n.: a straight line related to a point; specifically : the straight line joining the points of contact of the tangents from a point exterior to a conic section
polarize
[‘pəuləraiz] vt. （使）极化；（使）偏振；（使）两极分化
vi. 极化；偏振；两极分化
Transitive verb
1 : to cause (as light waves) to vibrate in a definite pattern
2 : to give physical polarity to
3 : to break up into opposing factions or groupings a campaign that polarized the electorate
4 : CONCENTRATE 1 recreate a cohesive rock community by polarizingTan amorphous, fragmented audience ?Ellen Willis
intransitive verb : to become polarized
polish
[‘pɔliʃ] n. 磨光，擦亮；上光剂，擦亮剂；优雅，精良
vi. 擦亮，变光滑
vt. 磨光，使发亮
adj. 波兰的
Transitive verb
1 : to make smooth and glossy usually by friction : BURNISH
2 : to smooth, soften, or refine in manners or condition
3 : to bring to a highly developed, finished, or refined state : PERFECT
intransitive verb : to become smooth or glossy by or as if by friction
n.1 a : a smooth glossy surface : LUSTER b : freedom from rudeness or coarseness : CULTURE c : a state of high development or refinement
2 : the action or process of polishing
3 : a preparation that is used to produce a gloss and often a color for the protection and decoration of a surface furniture polish nail polish
polite
[pə’lait] adj. 有礼貌的，客气的；文雅的；上流的；优雅的
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or having the characteristics of advanced culture b : marked by refined cultural interests and pursuits especially in arts and belles lettres
2 a : showing or characterized by correct social usage b : marked by an appearance of consideration, tact, deference, or courtesy c : marked by a lack of roughness or crudities polite literature
synonyms see CIVIL
politically
[pə’litikli] adv. 政治上
Adj.1 a : of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government b : of, relating to, or concerned with the making as distinguished from the administration of governmental policy
2 : of, relating to, involving, or involved in politics and especially party politics
3 : organized in governmental terms political units
4 : involving or charged or concerned with acts against a government or a political system political prisoners
pollen
[‘pɔlin] vt. 传授花粉给
n. 花粉
n.1 : a mass of microspores in a seed plant appearing usually as a fine dust
2 : a dusty bloom on the body of an insect
pollinate
[‘pɔlineit] vt. 对…授粉
vt.1 : to carry out the pollination of
2 : to mark or smudge with pollen
pomposity
[pɔm’pɔsiti] n. 自大；炫耀；浮夸
n.1 : pompous demeanor, speech, or behavior
2 : a pompous gesture, habit, or act
pompous
[‘pɔmpəs] adj. 自大的；浮夸的；华而不实的；爱炫耀的
Adj.1 : excessively elevated or ornate pompous rhetoric
2 : having or exhibiting self-importance : ARROGANT a pompous politician
3 : relating to or suggestive of pomp : MAGNIFICENT
ponderous
[‘pɔndərəs] adj. 笨重的；沉闷的；呆板的
Adj.1 : of very great weight
2 : unwieldy or clumsy because of weight and size
3 : oppressively or unpleasantly dull : LIFELESS ponderous prose
synonyms see HEAVY
pop
[pɔp] n. 流行音乐；[口]汽水；砰然声；枪击
vi. 突然出现；爆开；射击；瞪大；发出爆裂声
vt. 取出；开枪打；抛出；突然伸出；突然行动
adj. 流行的；通俗的；热门的
adv. 突然；砰地
Transitive verb
1 : to strike or knock sharply : HIT
2 : to push, put, or thrust suddenly and often deftly pops a grape into her mouth popped in a CD
3 : to cause to explode or burst open popped some popcorn pop the trunk
4 : to fire at : SHOOT
5 : to take (pills) especially frequently or habitually
6 : to open with a pop pop a cold beer
intransitive verb
1 a : to go, come, or appear suddenly ? often used with up images popping up on the screen pop in for a visit b : to escape or break away from something (as a point of attachment) usually suddenly or unexpectedly
2 : to make or burst with a sharp sound a balloon popped
3 : to protrude from the sockets eyes popping with amazement
4 : to shoot with a firearm
5 : to hit a pop fly ? often used with up or out
n.1 : a sharp explosive sound
2 : a shot from a gun
3 : SODA POP
4 : POP FLY
5 : power to hit a baseball hard a hitter with some pop in his bat
6 : a drink or shot of alcohol
Adv.: like or with a pop : SUDDENLY ? often used interjectionally
n.short for poppa: FATHER
Adj.1 : POPULAR pop music: as a : of or relating to popular music pop singer b : of or relating to the popular culture disseminated through the mass media pop psychology pop grammarians pop society
2 a : of or relating to pop art pop painter b : having, using, or imitating themes or techniques characteristic of pop art pop movie
n.1 : popular music
2 : POP ART
3 : pop culture
Abbr.population
Abbr.point of purchase
populous
[‘pɔpjuləs] adj. 人口稠密的；人口多的
Adj.1 a : densely populated b : having a large population
2 a : NUMEROUS b : filled to capacity
porous
[‘pɔ:rəs, ‘pəu-] adj. 多孔渗水的；能渗透的；有气孔的adj.1 a : possessing or full of pores b :
Containing vessels hardwood is porous
2 a : permeable to fluids b : permeable to outside influences
3 : capable of being penetrated porous national boundaries
portend
[pɔ:’tend, pəu-] vt. 预示；预兆；意味着
vt.1 : to give an omen or anticipatory sign of
2 : INDICATE, SIGNIFY
portray
[pɔ:’trei, pəu-] vt. 描绘；扮演
vt.1 : to make a picture of : DEPICT
2 a : to describe in words b : to play the role of : ENACT
positive
[‘pɔzətiv, -zi-] adj. 积极的；正的，阳性的；确定的，肯定的；实际的，真实的；绝对的
n. 正数；正片
Adj.1 a : formally laid down or imposed : PRESCRIBED positive laws b : expressed clearly or peremptorily her answer was a positive no c : fully assured : CONFIDENT positive it was her book
2 a : of, relating to, or constituting the degree of comparison that is expressed in English by the unmodified and uninflected form of an adjective or adverb and denotes no increase or diminution b (1) : independent of changing circumstances : UNCONDITIONED an insurance policy with positive coverage (2) : relating to or constituting a motion or device that is definite, unyielding, constant, or certain in its action a positive system of levers c (1) : INCONTESTABLE positive proof (2) : UNQUALIFIED a positive disgrace
3 a : not fictitious : REAL positive social tensions b : active and effective in social or economic function rather than merely maintaining peace and order a positive government
4 a : indicating, relating to, or characterized by affirmation, addition, inclusion, or presence rather than negation, withholding, or absence took the positive approach and struck a new deal rather than canceling the contract b : having rendition of light and shade similar in tone to the tones of the original subject a positive photographic image c : contributing toward or characterized by increase or progression take some positive action positive cash flow d : directed or moving toward a source of stimulation a positive taxis e : real and numerically greater than zero +2 is a positive integer
5 a (1) : being, relating to, or charged with electricity of which the proton is the elementary unit and which predominates in a glass body after being rubbed with silk (2) : having more protons than electrons a positive ion b (1) : having higher electric potential and constituting the part from which the current flows to the external circuit the positive terminal of a discharging storage battery (2) : being an electron-collecting electrode of an electron tube
6 a : marked by or indicating acceptance, approval, or affirmation received a positive response b : affirming the presence especially of a condition, substance, or organism suspected to be present a positive test for blood; also : having a test result indicating the presence especially of a condition, substance, or organism HIV positive
7 of a lens : converging light rays and forming a real inverted image
8 a : having a good effect : FAVORABLE a positive role model b : marked by optimism the positive point of view
synonyms see SURE
n. : something positive: as a (1) : the positive degree of comparison in a language (2) : a positive form of an adjective or adverb b : something of which an affirmation can be made : REALITY c : a positive photograph or a print from a negative d : a positive result (as of a test); also : a test yielding such a result
possess
[pə’zes] vt. 控制；使掌握；持有；迷住
vt.1 a : to have and hold as property : OWN b : to have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill
2 a : to take into one’s possession b : to enter into and control firmly : DOMINATE was possessed by demons c : to bring or cause to fall under the influence, possession, or control of some emotional or intellectual response or reaction melancholy possesses her
3 a obsolete : to instate as owner b : to make the owner or holder ? used in passive construction to indicate simple possession possessed of riches possessed of knowledge and experience
possessed
[pə’zest] adj. 疯狂的；着魔的
Adj.1 a (1) : influenced or controlled by something (as an evil spirit, a passion, or an idea) (2) : MAD, CRAZED b : urgently desirous to do or have something
2 obsolete : held as a possession
3 : SELF-POSSESSED, CALM
postdate
[‘pəust’deit] vt. 填迟……的日期；把……的日期填迟；继……之后
n. 事后日期；推迟日期
vt.1 a : to date with a date later than that of execution postdate a check b : to assign (an event) to a date subsequent to that of actual occurrence
2 : to follow in time
posthumous
[‘pɔstjuməs, -tʃu-] adj. 死后的；遗腹的；作者死后出版的
Adj.1 : born after the death of the father
2 : published after the death of the author
3 : following or occurring after death posthumous fame
posthumously
[‘pɔstjuməsli] adv. 于死后，于身后；于著作者死后出版地
Adv.1 : in person attend to the matter personally 2 : as a person : in personality personally attractive but not very trustworthy 3 : for oneself : as far as oneself is concerned personally, I don’t want to go 4 : in a personal manner don’t take this personally
postoperative
[pəʊst’ɒpərətɪv] n. 手术后病人
adj. 手术后的
Adj.1 : following a surgical operation postoperative care
2 : having recently undergone a surgical operation a postoperative patient
postulate
[‘pɔstjuleit, -tʃə-] vt. 假定；要求；视…为理所当然
n. 基本条件；假定
vt.1 : DEMAND, CLAIM
2 a : to assume or claim as true, existent, or necessary : depend upon or start from the postulate of b : to assume as a postulate or axiom (as in logic or mathematics)
n.1 : a hypothesis advanced as an essential presupposition, condition, or premise of a train of reasoning
2 : AXIOM 3
postwar
[‘pəʊst’wɔː] n. 战后时期
adj. 战后的
adv. 战后；在战后
Adj.: occurring or existing after a war; especially : occurring or existing after World War II
potable
[‘pəutəbl] n. 饮料（常复数）
adj. 适于饮用的
Adj.: suitable for drinking
n.: a liquid that is suitable for drinking; especially : an alcoholic beverage
potent
[‘pəutənt] adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的
Adj.1 : having or wielding force, authority, or influence : POWERFUL
2 : achieving or bringing about a particular result : EFFECTIVE
3 a : chemically or medicinally effective a potent vaccine b : rich in a characteristic constituent a potent drink
4 : able to copulate ? usually used of the male
Adj.of a heraldic cross : having flat bars across the ends of the arms ? see CROSS illustration
potential
[pəu’tenʃəl] n. 潜能；可能性；电势
adj. 潜在的；可能的；[物]势的
Adj.1 : existing in possibility : capable of development into actuality potential benefits
2 : expressing possibility; specifically : of, relating to, or constituting a verb phrase expressing possibility, liberty, or power by the use of an auxiliary with the infinitive of the verb (as in it may rain)
synonyms see LATENT
n.1 a : something that can develop or become actual a potential for violence b : PROMISE 2
2 a : any of various functions from which the intensity or the velocity at any point in a field may be readily calculated b : the work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference point (as at infinity) to a point in question c : POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
potshot
[‘pɔt,ʃɔt] n. 乱射；肆意抨击
n.1 : a shot taken from ambush or at a random or easy target
2 : a critical remark made in a random or sporadic manner
intransitive verb : to take a potshot
transitive verb : to attack or shoot with a potshot
potted
adj. 盆栽的；罐装的；密封的；[美俚]喝醉的
Adj.1 : preserved in a pot, jar, or can potted meat
2 : planted or grown in a pot
3 : briefly and superficially summarized a dull, pedestrian potted history ?Times Literary Supplement
4 slang : DRUNK 1a
pottery
‘pɔtəri] n. 陶器；陶器厂；陶器制造术
n.1 : a place where clayware is made and fired
2 a : the art or craft of the potter b : the manufacture of clayware
3 : CLAYWARE; especially : earthenware as distinguished from porcelain and stoneware and from brick and tile
pounce
[pauns] vi. 突袭，猛扑
vt. 扑过去抓住
n. 猛扑，爪
n.: the claw of a bird of prey
vi.1 a : to swoop upon and seize something with or as if with talons b : to seize upon and make capital of something (as another’s blunder or an opportunity)
2 : to make a sudden assault or approach
n.: the act of pouncing
vt.: to dust, rub, finish, or stencil with pounce
n.1 : a fine powder formerly used to prevent ink from spreading
2 : a fine powder for making stenciled patterns
pragmatic
[præɡ’mætik] adj. 实际的；实用主义的；国事的
Adj.1 archaic a (1) : BUSY (2) : OFFICIOUS b : OPINIONATED
2 : relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters : practical as opposed to idealistic pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal withTsocial morality ?K. B. Clark
3 : relating to or being in accordance with philosophical pragmatism
precarious
[pri’kεəriəs] adj. 危险的；不确定的
Adj.1 : depending on the will or pleasure of another
2 : dependent on uncertain premises : DUBIOUS precarious generalizations
3 a : dependent on chance circumstances, unknown conditions, or uncertain developments b : characterized by a lack of security or stability that threatens with danger
synonyms see DANGEROUS
precede
[pri:’si:d, pri-] vt. 领先，在…之前；优于，高于
vi. 领先，在前面
Transitive verb
1 : to surpass in rank, dignity, or importance
2 : to be, go, or come ahead or in front of
3 : to be earlier than
4 : to cause to be preceded : PREFACE
intransitive verb : to go or come before
precedent
[pri’si:dənt, ‘presi-] n. 先例；前例
adj. 在前的；在先的
Adj.: prior in time, order, arrangement, or significance
n.1 : an earlier occurrence of something similar
2 a : something done or said that may serve as an example or rule to authorize or justify a subsequent act of the same or an analogous kind a verdict that had no precedent b : the convention established by such a precedent or by long practice
3 : a person or thing that serves as a model
precipitate
[pri’sipitit, -teit] n. 沉淀物
vt. 使沉淀；促成；猛抛；使陷入
vi. 沉淀；猛地落下；冷凝成为雨或雪等
adj. 突如其来的；猛地落下的；急促的
Transitive verb
1 a : to throw violently : HURL the quandaries into which the release of nuclear energy has precipitated mankind ?A. B. Arons b : to throw down
2 : to bring about especially abruptly precipitate a scandal that would end with his expulsion ?John Cheever
3 a : to cause to separate from solution or suspension b : to cause (vapor) to condense and fall or deposit
intransitive verb
1 a : to fall headlong b : to fall or come suddenly into some condition
2 : to move or act precipitately
3 a : to separate from solution or suspension b : to condense from a vapor and fall as rain or snow
n.1 : a substance separated from a solution or suspension by chemical or physical change usually as an insoluble amorphous or crystalline solid
2 : a product, result, or outcome of some process or action
Adj.1 a : falling, flowing, or rushing with steep descent b : PRECIPITOUS, STEEP
2 : exhibiting violent or unwise speed
precipitous
[pri’sipitəs] adj. 险峻的；急躁的，鲁莽的
Adj.1 : PRECIPITATE 2
2 a : very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging in rise or fall a precipitous slope b : having precipitous sides a precipitous gorge c : having a very steep ascent a precipitous street
synonyms see STEEP
precise
[pri’sais] adj. 精确的；明确的；严格的
Adj.1 : exactly or sharply defined or stated
2 : minutely exact
3 : strictly conforming to a pattern, standard, or convention
4 : distinguished from every other at just that precise moment
synonyms see CORRECT
preclude
[pri’klu:d] vt. 排除；妨碍；阻止
vt.1 archaic : CLOSE
2 : to make impossible by necessary consequence : rule out in advance
preconception
[,pri:kən’sepʃən] n. 偏见；先入之见；预想
n.1 : a preconceived idea
2 : PREJUDICE
precursor
[pri:’kə:sə, pri-] n. 先驱，前导
n.1 a : one that precedes and indicates the approach of another b : PREDECESSOR
2 : a substance, cell, or cellular component from which another substance, cell, or cellular component is formed
synonyms see FORERUNNER
predator
[‘predətə] n. 捕食者；食肉动物；掠夺者
n.1 : one that preys, destroys, or devours
2 : an animal that lives by predation
predatory
[‘predətəri] adj. 掠夺的，掠夺成性的；食肉的；捕食生物的
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or practicing plunder, pillage, or rapine b : inclined or intended to injure or exploit others for personal gain or profit predatory pricing practices
2 : living by predation : PREDACEOUS; also : adapted to predation
predecessor
[‘pri:disesə, ‘pre-] n. 前任，前辈
n.1 : one that precedes; especially : a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded
2 archaic : ANCESTOR
predestine
[pri:’destin] vt. 注定
vt. : to destine, decree, determine, appoint, or settle beforehand; especially : PREDESTINATE 1
predetermine
[priːdɪ’tɜːmɪn] vt. 预先确定；预先决定；预先查明
vt.1 a : FOREORDAIN, PREDESTINE b : to determine beforehand
2 : to impose a direction or tendency on beforehand
predictable
[pri’diktəbl] adj. 可预言的
Adj.: capable of being foretold are clearly drifting into predictable chaos and critical dilution of standards?H.D.Gideonse
predispose
[,priːdɪ’spəʊz] vt. 预先处置；使…偏向于
Transitive verb
1 : to dispose in advance a good teacher predisposes children to learn
2 : to make susceptible malnutrition predisposes one to disease
intransitive verb : to bring about susceptibility
synonyms see INCLINE
predominant
[,pri’dɔminənt] adj. 主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影响的
Adj.1 : having superior strength, influence, or authority : PREVAILING
2 : being most frequent or common
synonyms see DOMINANT
predominate
[pri’dɔmineit] vt. 支配，主宰；在…中占优势
vi. 占主导（或支配）地位；占优势
Adj.: PREDOMINANT
intransitive verb
1 : to hold advantage in numbers or quantity
2 : to exert controlling power or influence : PREVAIL
transitive verb : to exert control over : DOMINATE
preeminent
[pri’eminənt, ,pri:-] adj. 卓越的；超群的
Adj.: having paramount rank, dignity, or importance : OUTSTANDING, SUPREME
preempt
[pri’empt, ,pri:-] vt. 先占；先取；以先买权获得
Transitive verb
1 : to acquire (as land) by preemption
2 : to seize upon to the exclusion of others : take for oneself the movement was then preempted by a lunatic fringe
3 : to replace with something considered to be of greater value or priority : take precedence over the program did not appear, having been preempted by a baseball game ?Robert MacNeil
4 : to gain a commanding or preeminent place in
5 : to prevent from happening or taking place : FORESTALL, PRECLUDE
intransitive verb : to make a preemptive bid in bridge
prefabricate
[priː’fæbrɪkeɪt] vt. 预先制造；预先构思；预制构件
vt.1 : to fabricate the parts of at a factory so that construction consists mainly of assembling and uniting standardized parts
2 : to produce artificially
preferably
[‘prefərəbli] adv. 较好；宁可，宁愿；更适宜
Adj.: having greater value or desirability : being preferred
pregnant
[‘preɡnənt] adj. 怀孕的；富有意义的
Adj.1 archaic : COGENT
2 : abounding in fancy, wit, or resourcefulness : INVENTIVE all this has been saidTby great and pregnant artists ?Times Literary Supplement
3 : rich in significance or implication : MEANINGFUL, PROFOUND the pregnant phrases of the Bible ?Edmund Wilson a pregnant pause
4 : containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body : GRAVID
5 : having possibilities of development or consequence : involving important issues : MOMENTOUS draw inspiration from the heroic achievements of that pregnant age ?Kemp Malone
6 obsolete : INCLINED, DISPOSED your own most pregnant and vouchsafed ear ?Shakespeare
7 : FULL, TEEMING
prehistoric
[,pri:hi’stɔrik] adj. 史前的；陈旧的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or existing in times antedating written history
2 : of or relating to a language in a period of its development from which contemporary records of its sounds and forms have not been preserved
3 : regarded as being outdated or outmoded prehistoric attitudes
prejudice
[‘predʒudis] n. 偏见；侵害
vt. 损害；使有偏见
n.1 : injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard of one’s rights; especially : detriment to one’s legal rights or claims
2 a (1) : preconceived judgment or opinion (2) : an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge b : an instance of such judgment or opinion c : an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics
synonyms see PREDILECTION
vt.1 : to injure or damage by some judgment or action (as in a case of law)
2 : to cause to have prejudice
preliminary
[pri’liminəri] n. 准备；预赛；初步措施
adj. 初步的；开始的；预备的
n. : something that precedes or is introductory or preparatory: as a : a preliminary scholastic examination b plural , British : FRONT MATTER c : a preliminary heat or trial (as of a race) d : a minor match preceding the main event (as of a boxing card)
Adj.: coming before and usually forming a necessary prelude to something else preliminary studies preliminary results
premature
[,premə’tjuə, ,pri:-] adj. 早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的
n. 早产儿；过早发生的事物
Adj.: happening, arriving, existing, or performed before the proper, usual, or intended time; especially : born after a gestation period of less than 37 weeks premature babies
premeditate
[priː’medɪteɪt] vt. 预谋；预先考虑
vi. 预谋；预先考虑
Transitive verb : to think about and revolve in the mind beforehand
intransitive verb : to think, consider, or deliberate beforehand
premise
[pri’maiz, ‘premis] vt. 引出，预先提出；作为…的前提
n. 前提；上述各项；房屋连地基
vi. 作出前提
n.1 a : a proposition antecedently supposed or proved as a basis of argument or inference; specifically : either of the first two propositions of a syllogism from which the conclusion is drawn b : something assumed or taken for granted : PRESUPPOSITION
2 plural : matters previously stated; specifically : the preliminary and explanatory part of a deed or of a bill in equity
3 plural [from its being identified in the premises of the deed] a : a tract of land with the buildings thereon b : a building or part of a building usually with its appurtenances (as grounds)
vt.1 a : to set forth beforehand as an introduction or a postulate b : to offer as a premise in an argument
2 : POSTULATE
3 : to base on certain assumptions
premonition
[,premə’nɪʃ(ə)n; ,priː-] n. 预告；征兆
n.1 : previous notice or warning : FOREWARNING
2 : anticipation of an event without conscious reason : PRESENTIMENT
preoccupation
[pri:,ɔkju’peiʃən] n. 全神贯注，入神；当务之急；关注的事物；抢先占据；成见
n.1 : an act of preoccupying : the state of being preoccupied
2 a : extreme or excessive concern with something b : something that preoccupies one
prerequisite
[‘pri:’rekwizit] n. 先决条件
adj. 首要必备的
n. : something that is necessary to an end or to the carrying out of a function
prerogative
[pri’rɔɡətiv] n. 特权
adj. 有特权的
n.1 a : an exclusive or special right, power, or privilege: as (1) : one belonging to an office or an official body (2) : one belonging to a person, group, or class of individuals (3) : one possessed by a nation as an attribute of sovereignty b : the discretionary power inhering in the British Crown
2 : a distinctive excellence
prescient
[‘presiənt, ‘preʃi-, pri:-] adj. 预知的；有先见之明的
n.: foreknowledge of events: a : divine omniscience b : human anticipation of the course of events : FORESIGHT
prescribe
[pris’kraib] vi. 规定；开药方
vt. 规定；开处方
Intransitive verb
1 : to lay down a rule : DICTATE
2 [Middle English, from Medieval Latin praescribere, from Latin, to write at the beginning] : to claim a title to something by right of prescription
3 : to write or give medical prescriptions
4 : to become by prescription invalid or unenforceable
transitive verb
1 a : to lay down as a guide, direction, or rule of action : ORDAIN b : to specify with authority
2 : to designate or order the use of as a remedy prescribed a painkiller a prescribed burn to restore natural forest conditions
preservative
[pri’zə:vətiv] n. 防腐剂；预防法；防护层
adj. 防腐的；有保存力的；有保护性的
Adj.: having the power of preserving
n.: something that preserves or has the power of preserving; specifically : an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage
preserve
[pri’zə:v] vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎
n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品
Transitive verb
1 : to keep safe from injury, harm, or destruction : PROTECT
2 a : to keep alive, intact, or free from decay b : MAINTAIN
3 a : to keep or save from decomposition b : to can, pickle, or similarly prepare for future use
4 : to keep up and reserve for personal or special use
intransitive verb
1 : to make preserves
2 : to raise and protect game for purposes of sport
3 : to be able to be preserved (as by canning)
n.1 : fruit canned or made into jams or jellies or cooked whole or in large pieces in a syrup so as to keep its shape ? often used in plural
2 : an area restricted for the protection and preservation of natural resources (as animals or plants) a game preserve for regulated hunting or fishing nature preserves
3 : something regarded as reserved for certain persons
press
美[prɛs]
vt. 压；按；逼迫；紧抱
vi. 压；逼；重压
n. 压；按；新闻；出版社；[印刷] 印刷机
n.1 a : a crowd or crowded condition : THRONG b : a thronging or crowding forward or together
2 a : an apparatus or machine by which a substance is cut or shaped, an impression of a body is taken, a material is compressed, pressure is applied to a body, liquid is expressed, or a cutting tool is fed into the work by pressure b : a building containing presses or a business using presses
3 : CLOSET, CUPBOARD
4 a : an action of pressing or pushing : PRESSURE b : an aggressive pressuring defense employed in basketball often over the entire court area
5 : the properly smoothed and creased condition of a freshly pressed garment out of press
6 a : PRINTING PRESS b : the act or the process of printing c : a printing or publishing establishment
7 a : the gathering and publishing or broadcasting of news : JOURNALISM b : newspapers, periodicals, and often radio and television news broadcasting c : news reporters, publishers, and broadcasters d : comment or notice in newspapers and periodicals is getting a good press
8 : any of various pressure devices (as one for keeping sporting gear from warping when not in use)
9 : a lift in weight lifting in which the weight is raised to shoulder height and then smoothly extended overhead without assist from the legs ? compare CLEAN AND JERK, SNATCH
transitive verb
1 : to act upon through steady pushing or thrusting force exerted in contact : SQUEEZE
2 a : ASSAIL, HARASS b : AFFLICT, OPPRESS
3 a : to squeeze out the juice or contents of b : to squeeze with apparatus or instruments to a desired density, smoothness, or shape
4 a : to exert influence on : CONSTRAIN b : to try hard to persuade : BESEECH, ENTREAT
5 : to move by means of pressure
6 a : to lay stress or emphasis on b : to insist on or request urgently
7 : to follow through (a course of action)
8 : to clasp in affection or courtesy
9 : to make (a phonograph record) from a matrix
intransitive verb
1 : to crowd closely : MASS
2 : to force or push one’s way
3 : to seek urgently : CONTEND
4 : to require haste or speed in action
5 : to exert pressure
6 : to take or hold a press
7 : to employ a press in basketball
transitive verb
1 : to force into service especially in an army or navy : IMPRESS
2 a : to take by authority especially for public use : COMMANDEER b : to take and force into any usually emergency service
intransitive verb : to impress men as soldiers or sailors
1 : impressment into service especially in a navy
2 obsolete : a warrant for impressing recruits
prestigious
[pre’stidʒəs, -‘sti:-] adj. 有名望的；享有声望的
1 archaic : of, relating to, or marked by illusion, conjuring, or trickery
2 : having prestige : HONORED
presume
[pri’zju:m, -‘zu:m] vt. 假定；推测；擅自；意味着
vi. 相信；擅自行为
Transitive verb
1 : to undertake without leave or clear justification : DARE
2 : to expect or assume especially with confidence
3 : to suppose to be true without proof presumed innocent until proved guilty
4 : to take for granted : IMPLY
intransitive verb
1 : to act or proceed presumptuously or on a presumption
2 : to go beyond what is right or proper
presumptuous
[pri’zʌmptjuəs, -tʃuəs] adj. 专横的；放肆的；冒昧的
Adj.: overstepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy) : taking liberties
presuppose
[priːsə’pəʊz] vt. 假定；预料；以…为先决条件
vt.1 : to suppose beforehand
2 : to require as an antecedent in logic or fact
pretense
[pri’tens, ‘pri:t-] n. 借口；虚假；炫耀；自吹n.1 : a claim made or implied; especially : one not supported by fact
2 a : mere ostentation : PRETENTIOUSNESS confuse dignity with pomposity and pretense ?Bennett Cerf b : a pretentious act or assertion
3 : an inadequate or insincere attempt to attain a certain condition or quality
4 : professed rather than real intention or purpose : PRETEXT was there under false pretenses
5 : MAKE-BELIEVE, FICTION
6 : false show : SIMULATION saw through his pretense of indifference
pretentious
[pri’tenʃəs, pri:-] adj. 自命不凡的；炫耀的；做作的
Adj.1 : characterized by pretension: as a : making usually unjustified or excessive claims (as of value or standing) the pretentious fraud who assumes a love of culture that is alien to him ?Richard Watts b : expressive of affected, unwarranted, or exaggerated importance, worth, or stature pretentious language pretentious houses
2 : making demands on one’s skill, ability, or means : AMBITIOUS the pretentious daring of the Green Mountain Boys in crossing the lake ?American Guide Series: Vermont
synonyms see SHOWY
preternatural
[,pri:tə’nætʃərəl] adj. 超自然的；异常的，不可思议的
Adj.1 : existing outside of nature
2 : exceeding what is natural or regular : EXTRAORDINARY wits trained to preternatural acuteness by the debates ?G. L. Dickinson
3 : inexplicable by ordinary means; especially : PSYCHIC preternatural phenomena
prevail
[pri’veil, pri:-] vi. 盛行，流行；战胜，获胜
vi.1 : to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority : TRIUMPH
2 : to be or become effective or effectual
3 : to use persuasion successfully prevailed on him to sing
4 : to be frequent : PREDOMINATE the west winds that prevail in the mountains
5 : to be or continue in use or fashion : PERSIST a custom that still prevails
prevalent
[‘prevələnt] adj. 流行的；普遍的，广传的
Adj.1 archaic : POWERFUL
2 : being in ascendancy : DOMINANT
3 : generally or widely accepted, practiced, or favored : WIDESPREAD
previous
[‘pri:vjəs] adj. 以前的；早先的；过早的
adv. 在先；在…以前
Adj.1 : going before in time or order : PRIOR
2 : acting too soon : PREMATURE somewhat previous in his conclusion
synonyms see PRECEDING
prig
[priɡ] n. 一本正经的人；[俚]小偷 n. : THIEF 1 archaic : FOP 2 archaic : FELLOW, PERSON 3 : one who offends or irritates by observance of proprieties (as of speech or manners) in a pointed manner or to an obnoxious degree
primal
['praiməl] adj. 原始的；主要的；最初的 n. [心理]被压抑童年情绪的释放 vt. 释放（被压抑的童年情绪） Adj.1 : ORIGINAL, PRIMITIVE *village life continued in its primal innocence ?Van Wyck Brooks* 2 : first in importance : PRIMARY
primitive
[‘primitiv] adj. 原始的，远古的；简单的，粗糙的
n. 原始人
Adj.1 a : not derived : ORIGINAL, PRIMARY b : assumed as a basis; especially : AXIOMATIC primitive concepts
2 a : of or relating to the earliest age or period : PRIMEVAL the primitive church b : closely approximating an early ancestral type : little evolved primitive mammals c : belonging to or characteristic of an early stage of development : CRUDE, RUDIMENTARY primitive technology d : of, relating to, or constituting the assumed parent speech of related languages primitive Germanic
3 a : ELEMENTAL, NATURAL our primitive feelings of vengeance ?John Mackwood b : of, relating to, or produced by a people or culture that is nonindustrial and often nonliterate and tribal primitive art c : NAIVE d (1) : SELF-TAUGHT, UNTUTORED primitive craftsmen (2) : produced by a self-taught artist a primitive painting
n.1 a : something primitive; specifically : a primitive idea, term, or proposition b : a root word
2 a (1) : an artist of an early period of a culture or artistic movement (2) : a later imitator or follower of such an artist b (1) : a self-taught artist (2) : an artist whose work is marked by directness and navet c : a work of art produced by a primitive artist d : a typically rough or simple usually handmade and antique home accessory or furnishing
3 a : a member of a primitive people b : an unsophisticated person
primordial
[prai’mɔ:djəl] adj. 原始的；根本的；[生]原生的
Adj.1 a : first created or developed : PRIMEVAL 1 b : existing in or persisting from the beginning (as of a solar system or universe) a primordial gas cloud c : earliest formed in the growth of an individual or organ : PRIMITIVE primordial cells
2 : FUNDAMENTAL, PRIMARY primordial human joys ?Sir Winston Churchill
prior
[‘praiə] adj. 优先的；在先的，在前的
adv. 在前，居先
n.1 : the superior ranking next to the abbot of a monastery
2 : the superior of a house or group of houses of any of various religious communities
Adj.1 : earlier in time or order : PREVIOUS by prior agreement
2 : taking precedence (as in importance)
synonyms see PRECEDING
pristine
[‘pristain, -ti:n] adj. 原始的，古时的；纯朴的
Adj.1 : belonging to the earliest period or state : ORIGINAL the hypothetical pristine lunar atmosphere
2 a : not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted (as by civilization) : PURE a pristine forest b : fresh and clean as or as if new pristine hard-backs in uniform editions to fill our built-in bookcases ?Michiko Kakutani
privacy
[‘praivəsi, ‘pri-, ‘prai-] n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；[古]隐居处
n.1 a : the quality or state of being apart from company or observation : SECLUSION b : freedom from unauthorized intrusion one’s right to privacy
2 archaic : a place of seclusion
3 a : SECRECY b : a private matter : SECRET
probity
[‘prəubiti] n. 廉洁；正直
n.: adherence to the highest principles and ideals : UPRIGHTNESS
synonyms see HONESTY
problematic
[,prɔblə’mætik] adj. 问题的；有疑问的；不确定的
Adj.1 a : posing a problem : difficult to solve or decide b : not definite or settled : UNCERTAIN their future remains problematic c : open to question or debate : QUESTIONABLE
2 : expressing or supporting a possibility
synonyms see DOUBTFUL
n. : something that is problematic : a problematic aspect or concern
procedure
[prə’si:dʒə] n. 程序，手续；步骤
n.1 a : a particular way of accomplishing something or of acting b : a step in a procedure
2 a : a series of steps followed in a regular definite order legal procedure a surgical procedure b : a set of instructions for a computer that has a name by which it can be called into action
3 a : a traditional or established way of doing things b : PROTOCOL 3a
proclamation
[,prɔklə’meiʃən] n. 公告；宣布；宣告；公布
n.1 : the action of proclaiming : the state of being proclaimed
2 : something proclaimed; specifically : an official formal public announcement
proclivity
[prəu’kliviti] n. 倾向；癖性
n.: an inclination or predisposition toward something; especially : a strong inherent inclination toward something objectionable
synonyms see LEANING
procurement
[prəu’kjuəmənt] n. 采购；获得，取得
n. : the act or process of procuring; especially : the obtaining of military supplies by a government
prod
[prɔd] n. 刺针；刺棒；签子 vt. 刺，戳；刺激 vi. 刺；捅 Transitive verb 1 a : to thrust a pointed instrument into : PRICK b : to incite to action : STIR 2 : to poke or stir as if with a prod intransitive verb : to urge someone on n.1 : a pointed instrument used to prod 2 : an incitement to act *needed a few prods to remember her lines* Abbr.product; production
