L14 Flashcards
opacity
[əu’pæsiti] n. 不透明；不传导；暧昧
n.1 a : obscurity of sense : UNINTELLIGIBLENESS b : the quality or state of being mentally obtuse : DULLNESS
2 : the quality or state of a body that makes it impervious to the rays of light; broadly : the relative capacity of matter to obstruct the transmission of radiant energy
3 : an opaque spot in a normally transparent structure (as the lens of the eye)
opalescent
[əʊpə’les(ə)nt] adj. 乳白色的；发乳白光的
Adj. : reflecting an iridescent light
operable
[‘ɔpərəbl] adj. 可操作的；可动手术的
Adj.1 : fit, possible, or desirable to use : PRACTICABLE
2 : likely to result in a favorable outcome upon surgical treatment an operable cancer
operative
[‘ɔpərətiv, -rei-] adj. 有效的；运转着的；从事生产劳动的
n. 侦探；技工
Adj.1 a : producing an appropriate effect : EFFICACIOUS b : most significant or essential the operative word in a phrase
2 : exerting force or influence : OPERATING
3 a : having to do with physical operations (as of machines) b : WORKING an operative craftsman
4 : based on or consisting of an operation operative dentistry
n. : OPERATOR: as a : ARTISAN, MECHANIC b : a secret agent c : PRIVATE DETECTIVE d : a person who works toward achieving the objectives of a larger interest political operatives
opinionated
[ə’pinjəneitid] adj. 固执己见的；武断的
Adj.: unduly adhering to one’s own opinion or to preconceived notions
opponent
[ə’pəunənt] n. 对手；反对者；敌手
adj. 对立的；敌对的
n.1 : one that takes an opposite position (as in a debate, contest, or conflict)
2 : a muscle that opposes or counteracts and limits the action of another
Adj.1 : ANTAGONISTIC, OPPOSING
2 : situated in front
opportune
[‘ɔpətju:n, ,ɔpə’tju:n] adj. 适当的；恰好的；合时宜的
Adj.1 : suitable or convenient for a particular occurrence an opportune moment
2 : occurring at an appropriate time an opportune offer of assistance
opposed
[ə’pəuzd] adj. 相反的；敌对的
v. 反对；使对立
adj. : set or placed in opposition : CONTRARY with politicians, as opposed to soap, you cannot return what you have bought ?Felix G. Rohatyn
opposite
[‘ɔpəzit, -sit] adj. 相反的；对面的；对立的
n. 对立面；反义词
prep. 在…的对面
adv. 在对面
Adj.1 a : set over against something that is at the other end or side of an intervening line or space opposite interior angles opposite ends of a diameter b : situated in pairs on an axis with each member being separated from the other by half the circumference of the axis opposite leaves ? compare ALTERNATE
2 a : occupying an opposing and often antagonistic position opposite sides of the question b : diametrically different (as in nature or character) opposite meanings
3 : contrary to one another or to a thing specified : REVERSE gave them opposite directions
4 : being the other of a pair that are corresponding or complementary in position, function, or nature members of the opposite sex
5 : of, relating to, or being the side of a baseball field that is near the first base line for a right-handed batter and near the third base line for a left-handed batter
n.1 : something that is opposed to some other often specified thing
2 : ANTONYM
3 : ADDITIVE INVERSE; especially : the additive inverse of a real number
Adv.: on or to an opposite side
Prep.1 : across from and usually facing or on the same level with sat opposite each other
2 : in a role complementary to played opposite the leading man in the comedy
oppressive
[ə’presiv] adj. 压迫的；沉重的；压制性的；难以忍受的
1 : unreasonably burdensome or severe oppressive legislation
2 : TYRANNICAL
3 : overwhelming or depressing to the spirit or senses an oppressive climate
opprobrious
[ə’prəubriəs] adj. 无礼的；嘴不干净的；该骂的；可耻的
Adj.1 : expressive of opprobrium : SCURRILOUS opprobrious language
2 : deserving of opprobrium : INFAMOUS
optical
[‘ɔptikəl] adj. 光学的；眼睛的，视觉的
Adj.1 : of or relating to the science of optics
2 a : of or relating to vision : VISUAL b : VISIBLE 1 optical wavelength c : of, relating to, or being objects
that emit light in the visible range of frequencies an optical galaxy d : using the properties of light to aid vision an optical instrument
3 a : of, relating to, or utilizing light especially instead of other forms of energy optical microscopy b : involving the use of light-sensitive devices to acquire information for a computer optical character recognition
4 : of or relating to optical art
optimal
[‘ɔptiməl] adj. 最佳的；最理想的
Adj.: most desirable or satisfactory : OPTIMUM
optimism
[‘ɔptimizəm] n. 乐观；乐观主义
n.1 : a doctrine that this world is the best possible world
2 : an inclination to put the most favorable construction upon actions and events or to anticipate the best possible outcome
optimist
[‘ɔptimist] n. 乐观主义者；乐天派
n. : one given to optimism; especially : an adherent of philosophical optimism ? opposed to pessimist
optimistic
[,ɔpti’mistik] adj. 乐观的；乐观主义的
n.1 : a doctrine that this world is the best possible world
2 : an inclination to put the most favorable construction upon actions and events or to anticipate the best possible outcome
optimum
[‘ɔptiməm] adj. 最适宜的
n. 最佳效果；最适宜条件
n.1 : the amount or degree of something that is most favorable to some end; especially : the most favorable condition for the growth and reproduction of an organism
2 : greatest degree attained or attainable under implied or specified conditions
opulent
[‘ɔpjulənt] adj. 丰富的；富裕的；大量的
Adj. : exhibiting or characterized by opulence: as a : having a large estate or property : WEALTHY hoping to marry an opulent widow b : amply or plentifully provided or fashioned often to the point of ostentation living in opulent comfort
synonyms see RICH
orbital
[‘ɔ:bitəl] adj. 轨道的；眼窝的
n. : a mathematically described region around a nucleus in an atom or molecule that may contain zero, one, or two electrons
orchestrate
[‘ɔ:kistreit, -kes-] vt. 把…编成管弦乐曲；（美）精心安排；把…协调地结合起来
vi. 编管弦乐曲
vt.1 a : to compose or arrange (music) for an orchestra b : to provide with orchestration orchestrate a ballet
2 : to arrange or combine so as to achieve a desired or maximum effect orchestrated preparations for the banquet
ordeal
[ɔ:’di:l, ‘ɔ:di:l] n. 折磨；严酷的考验；痛苦的经验
n.1 : a primitive means used to determine guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under supernatural control ordeal by fire
2 : a severe trial or experience
ordinary
[‘ɔ:dinəri, -neri-] adj. 普通的；平凡的；平常的
n. 普通；平常的人（或事）
n.1 a (1) : a prelate exercising original jurisdiction over a specified territory or group (2) : a clergyman appointed formerly in England to attend condemned criminals b : a judge of probate in some states of the United States
2 often capitalized : the parts of the Mass that do not vary from day to day
3 : the regular or customary condition or course of things ? usually used in the phrase out of the ordinary
4 a British : a meal served to all comers at a fixed price b chiefly British : a tavern or eating house serving regular meals
5 : a common heraldic charge (as the bend) of simple form
Adj.1 : of a kind to be expected in the normal order of events : ROUTINE, USUAL an ordinary day
2 : having or constituting immediate or original jurisdiction; also : belonging to such jurisdiction
3 a : of common quality, rank, or ability an ordinary teenager b : deficient in quality : POOR, INFERIOR ordinary wine
synonyms see COMMON
organism
[‘ɔ:ɡənizəm] n. 有机体；生物体；微生物
n.1 : a complex structure of interdependent and subordinate elements whose relations and properties are largely determined by their function in the whole
2 : an individual constituted to carry on the activities of life by means of organs separate in function but mutually dependent : a living being
original
n.1 archaic : the source or cause from which something arises; specifically : ORIGINATOR
2 a : that from which a copy, reproduction, or translation is made b : a work composed firsthand
3 a : a person of fresh initiative or inventive capacity b : a unique or eccentric person
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or constituting an origin or beginning : INITIAL the original part of the house
2 a : not secondary, derivative, or imitative an original composition b : being the first instance or source from which a copy, reproduction, or translation is or can be made
3 : independent and creative in thought or action : INVENTIVE an original artist
synonyms see NEW
ornamental
[,ɔ:nə’mentəl] adj. 装饰的，装饰性的
n. 观赏植物；装饰品
Adj.: of, relating to, or serving as ornament; specifically : grown as an ornamental
n. : a decorative object; especially : a plant cultivated for its beauty rather than for use
ossify
['ɔsifai] vi. 骨化；硬化；僵化 vt. 使硬化；使骨化；使僵化 Intransitive verb 1 : to change into bone 2 : to become hardened or conventional and opposed to change transitive verb 1 : to change (as cartilage) into bone 2 : to make rigidly conventional and opposed to change
ostentation
[,ɔsten’teiʃən] n. 卖弄；虚饰；虚有其表
n.1 : excessive display : PRETENTIOUSNESS
2 archaic : an act of displaying
ostentatious
[,ɔsten’teiʃəs] adj. 招摇的；卖弄的；夸耀的；铺张的；惹人注目的
Adj. : marked by or fond of conspicuous or vainglorious and sometimes pretentious display
synonyms see SHOWY
ostracize
[‘ɔstrəsaiz] vt. 放逐；排斥；按贝壳流放法放逐
vt.1 : to exile by ostracism
2 : to exclude from a group by common consent
oust
[aust] vt. 驱逐；剥夺；取代
vt.1 a : to remove from or dispossess of property or position by legal action, by force, or by the compulsion of necessity b : to take away (as a right or authority) : BAR, REMOVE
2 : to take the place of : SUPPLANT
synonyms see EJECT
outburst
[‘autbə:st] n. （火山、情感等的）爆发；破裂
n.1 : a violent expression of feeling an outburst of anger
2 : a surge of activity or growth new outbursts of creative power ?C. E. Montague
3 : ERUPTION volcanic outbursts
outdated
[,aut’deitid] adj. 过时的；旧式的
v. 使过时adj. : no longer current : OUTMODED
outgoing
[‘aut,ɡəuiŋ] adj. 外出的；即将离职的；乐于助人的
n. 外出；流出；开支
v. 超过；优于adj.1 a : going away : DEPARTING an outgoing ship b : retiring or withdrawing from a place or position the outgoing president c : directed to an intended recipient outgoing mail
2 : openly friendly and responsive : EXTROVERTED
outgrow
[,aut’ɡrəu] vt. 过大而不适于；出生；长大成熟而不再
vt.1 : to grow or increase faster than mankind is outgrowing food supplies ?R. C. Murphy
2 : to grow too large or too mature for outgrew his best suit the need to outgrow the habit of war ?Norman Cousins
outgrowth
[‘autɡrəuθ] n. 结果；副产物；自然的发展；分枝
n.1 : a process or product of growing out an outgrowth of hair
2 : CONSEQUENCE, BY-PRODUCT crime is often an outgrowth of poverty
outlast
[,aut’lɑ:st, -‘læst] vt. 比…长久；从…中逃生
vt.: to last longer than : SURVIVE mummified customs that have long outlasted their usefulness?W.R.Inge
synonyms see OUTLIVE
outline
[‘autlain] n. 轮廓；大纲；概要；略图
vt. 概述；略述；描画…轮廓
n.1 a : a line that marks the outer limits of an object or figure : BOUNDARY b : SHAPE
2 a : a style of drawing in which contours are marked without shading b : a sketch in outline
3 a : a condensed treatment of a particular subject an outline of world history b : a summary of a written work : SYNOPSIS
4 : a preliminary account of a project : PLAN
5 : a fishing line set out overnight
synonyms OUTLINE, CONTOUR, PROFILE, SILHOUETTE mean the line that bounds and gives form to something. OUTLINE applies to a line marking the outer limits or edges of a body or mass traced the outline of his hand. CONTOUR stresses the quality of an outline or a bounding surface as being smooth, jagged, curving, or sharply angled a car with flowing contours. PROFILE suggests a varied and sharply defined outline against a lighter background a portrait of her face in profile. SILHOUETTE suggests a shape especially of a head or figure with all detail blacked out in shadow leaving only the outline clearly defined photograph in silhouette against a bright sky.
vt.1 : to draw the outline of
2 : to indicate the principal features or different parts of outlined their responsibilities
outlying
[‘aut,laiiŋ] adj. 边远的；无关的
v. 放在…外面；在撒谎上胜过adj.: remote from a center or main body outlying areas
outmoded
[‘aut’məudid] adj. 过时的，不流行的
v. 使不流行vt. : to make unfashionable or obsolete
outspoken
[aʊt’spəʊk(ə)n] adj. 坦率的，直言不讳的
Adj.1 : direct and open in speech or expression : FRANK outspoken in his criticism ?Current Biography
2 : spoken or expressed without reserve his outspoken advocacy of gun control
outstrip
[,aut’strip] vt. 超过；胜过；比…跑得快
vt.1 : to go faster or farther than
2 : to get ahead of has civilization outstripped the ability of its users to use it? ?Margaret Mead
synonyms see EXCEED
outweigh
[,aut’wei] vt. 比…重（在重量上）；比…重要；比…有价值
vt.: to exceed in weight, value, or importance the advantages outweigh the disadvantages
oval
[‘əuvəl] adj. 椭圆的；卵形的
n. 椭圆形；卵形
n.1 : an oval figure or object
2 : a racetrack in the shape of an oval or a rectangle having rounded corners
Adj.: having the shape of an egg; also : broadly elliptical
overawe
[,auvə’rɔ:] vt. 威慑；吓住；使大感敬畏
vt.: to restrain or subdue by awe
overbalance
[əʊvə'bæl(ə)ns] n. 超额；超量；不平衡 vt. 使失去均衡；使过重 vi. 失去平衡 vt.1 : OUTWEIGH 2 : to cause to lose balance n.: something more than an equivalent
overbear
[əʊvə’beə] vt. 压服；克服
vi. 结实过多
vt.1 : to bring down by superior weight or force : OVERWHELM
2 a : to domineer over b : to surpass in importance or cogency : OUTWEIGH
overblown
[əʊvə’bləʊn] adj. 停息的；过分的；已盛开过的
v. 吹散；用力吹；过分渲染adj.: past the prime of bloom overblown roses
Adj.1 : excessively large in girth : PORTLY
2 : INFLATED overblown claims overblown rhetoric; also : PRETENTIOUS
overcast
[‘əuvəkɑ:st, -kæst, ,əuvə’kɑ:st, -‘kæst] adj. 阴天的；阴暗的；愁闷的
vt. 使沮丧；包缝；遮蔽
vt.1 *-vr-kast, **-vr-\ : DARKEN, OVERSHADOW
2 *-vr-\ : to sew (raw edges of a seam) with long slanting widely spaced stitches to prevent raveling
Adj. : clouded over an overcast day
n.: COVERING; especially : a covering of clouds over the sky
overconfident
[əʊvə’kɒnfɪd(ə)nt] adj. 过于自信的；自负的
Adj.: marked by or reflecting overconfidence
overcrowd
[,əuvə’kraud] vt. 使过度拥挤；把…塞得过满
vi. 过度拥挤；塞得太满
Transitive verb : to cause to be too crowded
intransitive verb : to crowd together too much
overdraw
[,əuvə’drɔ:] vt. 透支；拉过度；夸张
vi. 透支；夸张
Transitive verb
1 : to draw checks on (a bank account) for more than the balance the account was overdrawn
2 : EXAGGERATE, OVERSTATE
intransitive verb : to make an overdraft
overdue
[‘əuvə’dju:] adj. 过期的；迟到的；未兑的
1 a : unpaid when due an overdue bill b : delayed beyond an appointed time an overdue train overdue library books
2 : too great : EXCESSIVE an overdue share of the profits
3 : more than ready overdue for a haircut
overemphasize
[,əuvər’emfəsaiz] vt. 过分强调
vi. 过分强调
vt. : to give excessive emphasis to overemphasizing detail?American Guide Series: Pennsylvania
intransitive verb : to use too much emphasis I overemphasize and exaggerate?B.N.Cardozo
overestimate
[,əuvər’estimeit, -‘estimət] vt. 对……评价过高；对……估计过高
n. 估计过高；评价过高；出价过高
vi. 估计过高；评价过高
vt. : to estimate too highly : OVERVALUE
n. : an estimate that is too high
overinflated
[əʊv(ə)rɪn’fleɪtɪd] adj. 过于膨胀的；特大的
Filled with too much air
overlap
[,əuvə'læp, 'əuvəlæp] n. 重叠；重复 vi. 部分重叠；部分的同时发生 vt. 与…重叠；与…同时发生 Transitive verb 1 : to extend over or past and cover a part of 2 : to have something in common with intransitive verb 1 : to occupy the same area in part 2 : to have something in common
overload
[,əuvə’ləud, ‘əuvələud] vt. 超载，超过负荷
n. 超载；负荷过多
Transitive verb : to load to excess : load with too great a burden overload a wagon overload a ship overload a circuit
intransitive verb : to assume or impose an excessive load tendency of most women travelers T to overload on beauty preparations?T.H.Fielding
n. : an excessive load : the excess beyond a proper load issue special permits for overloads?R.R.Ireland
overlook
[,əuvə’luk, ‘əuvəluk] vt. 忽略；俯瞰；远眺；检查；高耸于…之上
n. 忽视；眺望
vt.1 : to look over : INSPECT
2 a : to look down upon from above b : to rise above or afford a view of
3 a : to look past : MISS b : IGNORE 1 c : EXCUSE 2
4 : SUPERINTEND, OVERSEE
5 : to look on with the evil eye : BEWITCH
synonyms see NEGLECT
n.: a place from which one may look down on a scene below plenty of overlooks and trails ?Thelma H. Bell
overpower
[,əuvə’pauə] vt. 压倒；克服；使无法忍受
vt.1 : to overcome by superior force : SUBDUE
2 : to affect with overwhelming intensity the stench overpowered us
3 : to provide with more power than is needed or desirable a dangerously overpowered car
overpowering
[‘ovɚ’paʊərɪŋ] adj. 压倒性的；无法抵抗的
Adj.: exercising an irresistible influence : OVERWHELMING her overpowering beauty struck his heart?George Meredith both men T were overpowering personalities?Bernard Smith
overrate
[,əuvə’reit] vt. 过高估计；对…估价过高
vt. : to rate, value, or estimate too highly overrates his importance to the team
override
[,əuvə’raid] vt. 推翻；不顾；践踏
n. 代理佣金
vt.1 : to ride over or across : TRAMPLE
2 : to ride (as a horse) too much or too hard
3 a : to prevail over : DOMINATE b : to set aside : ANNUL override a veto c : to neutralize the action of (as an automatic control)
4 : to extend or pass over; especially : OVERLAP
n.1 : a commission paid to managerial personnel on sales made by subordinates
2 : ROYALTY 5a
3 : a device or system used to override a control
4 : an act or an instance of overriding
overrule
[,əuvə’ru:l] vt. 否决；统治；对…施加影响
vt.1 : to rule over : GOVERN
2 : to prevail over : OVERCOME
3 a : to rule against b : to set aside : REVERSE
overshadow
[,əuvə’ʃædəu] vt. 使失色；使阴暗；遮阴；夺去…的光彩
vt.1 : to cast a shadow over
2 : to exceed in importance : OUTWEIGH
overstate
[,əuvə’steit] vt. 夸张；夸大的叙述
vt.: to state in too strong terms : EXAGGERATE overstated his qualifications
overt
[‘əuvə:t, əu’və:t] adj. 明显的；公然的；[律]蓄意的
Adj. : open to view : MANIFEST overt hostility
overtax
[əʊvə’tæks] vt. 负担过度vt.1 : to tax too heavily or beyond what is due
2 : to lay too heavy a burden or demand upon overtax the weakened ability of the body?Morris Fishbein
overtire
[,əuvə’taiə] vt. 使过度劳累
overturn
[,əuvə’tə:n, ‘əuvətə:n] vt. 推翻；倾覆；破坏
vi. 推翻；倾覆
n. 倾覆；[经]周转；破灭
vt.transitive verb
1 : to cause to turn over : UPSET overturned the vase
2 a : INVALIDATE, DESTROY b : REVERSE 2a overturn a court ruling
intransitive verb : UPSET, TURN OVER
n.1 : the act of overturning : the state of being overturned
2 : the sinking of surface water and rise of bottom water in a lake or sea that results from changes in temperature that commonly occur in spring and fall
overwhelm
[,əuvə’hwelm] vt. 压倒；淹没；受打击
vt.1 : UPSET, OVERTHROW
2 a : to cover over completely : SUBMERGE b : to overcome by superior force or numbers c : to overpower in thought or feeling
overwrought
[,əuvə’rɔ:t, ‘əuvə’rɔ:t] adj. 过度紧张的；过度兴奋的；过分劳累的；（文体等）过于考究的
v. 工作过度；把…做过头；使过于激动
adj.1 : extremely excited : AGITATED
2 : elaborated to excess : OVERDONE
pacifist
[‘pæsifist] n. 和平主义者
adj. 非战主义的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or characteristic of pacifism or pacifists
2 : strongly and actively opposed to conflict and especially war
pack
[pæk] n. 包装；一群；背包；包裹；一副
vt. 包装；压紧；捆扎；挑选；塞满
vi. 挤；包装货物；被包装；群集
n.1 a : a bundle arranged for convenience in carrying especially on the back b : a group or pile of related objects c (1) : a number of individual components packaged as a unit a pack of gum (2) : CONTAINER (3) : a compact unitized assembly to perform a specific function (4) : a stack of magnetic disks in a container for use as a storage device
2 a : the contents of a bundle b : a large amount or number : HEAP a pack of lies c : a full set of playing cards
3 a : an act or instance of packing b : a method of packing
4 a : a set of persons with a common interest : CLIQUE b : an organized unit (as of Cub Scouts)
5 a (1) : a group of domesticated animals trained to hunt or run together (2) : a group of often predatory animals of the same kind a wolf pack (3) : a large group of individuals massed together (as in a race) b : WOLF PACK
6 : a concentrated or compacted mass (as of snow or ice)
7 : wet absorbent material for therapeutic application to the body
8 a : a cosmetic paste for the face b : an application or treatment of oils or creams for conditioning the scalp and hair
9 : material used in packing
packed
[pækt] adj. 充满…的，塞满了…的
v. 包装adj.1 a : COMPRESSED packed snow b : that is crowded or stuffed ? often used in combination an action-packed story
2 : filled to capacity played to a packed house
paean
[‘pi:ən] n. 赞美歌，欢乐歌
n.1 : a joyous song or hymn of praise, tribute, thanksgiving, or triumph
2 : a work that praises or honors its subject : ENCOMIUM, TRIBUTE
painstakingly
[‘peins,teikiŋli] adv. 煞费苦心地；费力地
Adj. : taking pains : expending, showing, or involving diligent care and effort
palatable
[‘pælətəbl] adj. 美味的，可口的；愉快的
Adj.1 : agreeable to the palate or taste
2 : agreeable or acceptable to the mind
paleolithic
[,pælɪəʊ’lɪθɪk] adj. 旧石器时代的
Adj. : of or relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age characterized by rough or chipped stone implements
palpable
[‘pælpəbl] adj. 明显的；可感知的；易觉察的
Adj.1 : capable of being touched or felt : TANGIBLE
2 : easily perceptible : NOTICEABLE a palpable difference
3 : easily perceptible by the mind : MANIFEST
synonyms see PERCEPTIBLE
paltry
['pɔ:ltri] adj. 不足取的；无价值的；琐碎的；卑鄙的 Adj.1 : INFERIOR, TRASHY 2 : MEAN, DESPICABLE *a paltry trick* 3 : TRIVIAL *a paltry excuse* 4 : MEAGER, MEASLY *made a paltry donation*
panacea
[,pænə’si:ə] n. 灵丹妙药；万能药
n.: a remedy for all ills or difficulties : CURE-ALL
pancreas
[‘pænkriəs] n. 胰腺
n. : a large lobulated gland of vertebrates that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
pantomime
[‘pæntəmaim] n. 哑剧；舞剧；手势
vi. 打手势；演哑剧
vt. 打手势；演哑剧
n.1 : PANTOMIMIST
2 a : an ancient Roman dramatic performance featuring a solo dancer and a narrative chorus b : any of various dramatic or dancing performances in which a story is told by expressive bodily or facial movements of the performers c : a British theatrical entertainment of the Christmas season based on a nursery tale and featuring topical songs, tableaux, and dances
3 a : conveyance of a story by bodily or facial movements especially in drama or dance b : the art or genre of conveying a story by bodily movements only
intransitive verb : to engage in pantomime
transitive verb : to represent by pantomime
parable
[‘pærəbl] n. 寓言，比喻；[古]隐晦或谜般的格言
n. : EXAMPLE; specifically : a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
paradigm
[‘pærədim] n. 范例；词形变化表
n.1 : EXAMPLE, PATTERN; especially : an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype
2 : an example of a conjugation or declension showing a word in all its inflectional forms
3 : a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated; broadly : a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind
paradox
[‘pærədɔks] n. 悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事
n.1 : a tenet contrary to received opinion
2 a : a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true b : a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true c : an argument that apparently derives self-contradictory conclusions by valid deduction from acceptable premises
3 : one (as a person, situation, or action) having seemingly contradictory qualities or phases
paradoxical
[,pærə’dɔksikəl] adj. 矛盾的；诡论的；似非而是的
Adj.1 a : of the nature of a paradox b : inclined to paradoxes
2 : not being the normal or usual kind a paradoxical pulse paradoxical drug reactions
paragon
['pærəɡən] n. 模范；完美之物；优秀之人 adj. 完美的 n. : a model of excellence or perfection vt.1 : to compare with : PARALLEL 2 : to put in rivalry : MATCH 3 obsolete : SURPASS
paramount
['pærəmaunt] adj. 最重要的，主要的；至高无上的 n. 最高统治者 Adj.: superior to all others : SUPREME *a matter of paramount importance* synonyms see DOMINANT n. : a supreme ruler
paraphrase
[‘pærəfreiz] n. 释义；改述；演释曲
vt. 改述
vi. 释义；意译
n.1 : a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form
2 : the use or process of paraphrasing in studying or teaching composition
intransitive verb : to make a paraphrase
transitive verb : to make a paraphrase of
parasite
[‘pærəsait] n. 寄生虫；食客
n.1 : a person who exploits the hospitality of the rich and earns welcome by flattery
2 : an organism living in, with, or on another organism in parasitism
3 : something that resembles a biological parasite in dependence on something else for existence or support without making a useful or adequate return
parasitic
[,pærə’sitik] adj. 寄生的adj.Synonyms FAWNING, bootlicking, cowering, cringing, groveling, kowtowing, sycophantic, toadying, toadyish, truckling
Related Word freeloading, leechlike, sponging
parliamentary
[,pɑːlə’ment(ə)rɪ] adj. 议会的；国会的；议会制度的
Adj.1 a : of or relating to a parliament b : enacted, done, or ratified by a parliament
2 : of or adhering to the parliament as opposed to the king during the English Civil War
3 : of, based on, or having the characteristics of parliamentary government
4 : of or relating to members of a parliament
5 : of or according to parliamentary law parliamentary procedure
parody
[‘pærədi] n. 拙劣的模仿；诙谐的改编诗文
vt. 拙劣模仿
n.1 : a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule
2 : a feeble or ridiculous imitation
synonyms see CARICATURE
vt.1 : to compose a parody on parody a poem
2 : to imitate in the manner of a parody
parsimony
[‘pɑ:siməni] n. 吝啬；过度节俭
n.1 a : the quality of being careful with money or resources : THRIFT b : the quality or state of being stingy
2 : economy in the use of means to an end; especially : economy of explanation in conformity with Occam’s razor
partiality
[,pɑ:ʃi’æliti] n. 偏心；偏袒；偏爱；癖好
n.1 : the quality or state of being partial : BIAS
2 : a special taste or liking
participate
[pɑ:’tisipeit] vi. 参与，参加；分享
vt. 分享；分担
Transitive verb archaic : PARTAKE
intransitive verb
1 : to possess some of the attributes of a person, thing, or quality
2 a : to take part always participates in class discussions b : to have a part or share in something
synonyms see SHARE
participation
[pɑ:tisi’peiʃən] n. 参与；分享；参股
n.1 : the act of participating
2 : the state of being related to a larger whole
particular
[pə’tikjulə] adj. 特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的
n. 详细说明；个别项目
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or being a single person or thing the particular person I had in mind
2 obsolete : PARTIAL
3 : of, relating to, or concerned with details gave us a very particular account of the trip
4 a : distinctive among other examples or cases of the same general category : notably unusual suffered from measles of particular severity b : being one unit or element among others particular incidents in a story
5 a : denoting an individual member or subclass in logic b : affirming or denying a predicate to a part of the subject ? used of a proposition in logic some men are wise is a particular affirmative
6 a : concerned over or attentive to details : METICULOUS a very particular gardener b : nice in taste : FASTIDIOUS c : hard to please : EXACTING
synonyms see CIRCUMSTANTIAL, SPECIAL
n.1 archaic : a separate part of a whole
2 a : an individual fact, point, circumstance, or detail a hero in every particular ?Ron Fimrite b : a specific item or detail of information ? usually used in plural wanted to know all the particulars of the incident bill of particulars
3 a : an individual or a specific subclass (as in logic) falling under some general concept or term b : a particular proposition in logic
synonyms see ITEM
particularity
[pə,tikju’læriti] n. 特质；个性；讲究
n.1 a : a minute detail : PARTICULAR b : an individual characteristic : PECULIARITY; also : SINGULARITY
2 : the quality or state of being particular as distinguished from universal
3 a : attentiveness to detail : EXACTNESS b : the quality or state of being fastidious in behavior or expression
particulate
[pə’tikjulit] adj. 微粒的
n. 微粒，微粒状物质
Adj. : of or relating to minute separate particles
n.: a particulate substance
partisan
[,pɑ:ti’zæn] adj. 党派的；效忠的；偏袒的；盲目推崇的
n. 游击队；虔诚信徒；党羽
n.1 : a firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person; especially : one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance
2 a : a member of a body of detached light troops making forays and harassing an enemy b : a member of a guerrilla band operating within enemy lines
synonyms see FOLLOWER
n. : a weapon of the 16th and 17th centuries with long shaft and broad blade
passionate
[‘pæʃənit] adj. 热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的
1 a : easily aroused to anger b : filled with anger : ANGRY
2 a : capable of, affected by, or expressing intense feeling b : ENTHUSIASTIC, ARDENT
3 : swayed by or affected with sexual desire
synonyms see IMPASSIONED
passively
[‘pæsivli] adv. 被动地；顺从地
Adj.1 a (1) : acted upon by an external agency (2) : receptive to outside impressions or influences b (1) : asserting that the grammatical subject of a verb is subjected to or affected by the action represented by that verb the passive voice (2) : containing or yielding a passive verb form c (1) : lacking in energy or will : LETHARGIC (2) : tending not to take an active or dominant part d : induced by an outside agency passive exercise of a paralyzed leg
2 a : not active or operating : INERT b : of, relating to, or making direct use of the sun’s heat usually without the intervention of mechanical devices a passive solar house c : LATENT d (1) : of, relating to, or characterized by a state of chemical inactivity; especially : resistant to corrosion (2) : not involving expenditure of chemical energy passive transport across a cell membrane e of an electronic element : exhibiting no gain or control f : relating to the detection of an object through its emission of energy or sound passive sonar
3 a : receiving or enduring without resistance : SUBMISSIVE b : existing or occurring without being active, open, or direct passive support
4 : of, relating to, or being business activity in which the investor does not actively participate in the generation of income
synonyms see INACTIVE
pathological
[,pæθə’lɔdʒikəl] adj. 病理学的；病态的；由疾病引起的
Adj.1 : of or relating to pathology
2 : altered or caused by disease; also : indicative of disease
3 : being such to a degree that is extreme, excessive, or markedly abnormal a pathological liar pathological fear
patience
[‘peiʃəns] n. 耐性，耐心；忍耐，容忍
n.1 : the capacity, habit, or fact of being patient
2 chiefly British : SOLITAIRE 2
patriarchal
[,peitri’ɑ:kəl] adj. 家长的；族长的；由族长统治的
Adj. : of, relating to, or being a patriarch or patriarchy
patronage
[‘pætrənidʒ] n. 赞助；光顾；任免权
n.1 : ADVOWSON
2 : the support or influence of a patron
3 : kindness done with an air of superiority
4 : business or activity provided by patrons the new branch library is expected to have a heavy patronage
5 a : the power to make appointments to government jobs especially for political advantage b : the distribution of jobs on the basis of patronage c : jobs distributed by patronage
patronize
[‘pætrənaiz] vt. 惠顾；资助；保护
vt.1 : to act as patron of : provide aid or support for
2 : to adopt an air of condescension toward : treat haughtily or coolly
3 : to be a frequent or regular customer or client of
patronizing
[‘pætrəniziŋ] adj. 要人领情的；屈尊俯就的；以恩人态度自居的
v. 屈尊俯就
vt.1 : to act as patron of : provide aid or support for
2 : to adopt an air of condescension toward : treat haughtily or coolly
3 : to be a frequent or regular customer or client of
paucity
[‘pɔ:siti] n. 缺乏；少数；少量
n.1 : smallness of number : FEWNESS
2 : smallness of quantity : DEARTH
peculiar
[pi’kju:ljə] adj. 特殊的；独特的；奇怪的；罕见的
n. 特权；特有财产
Adj.1 : characteristic of only one person, group, or thing : DISTINCTIVE
2 : different from the usual or normal: a : SPECIAL, PARTICULAR b : ODD, CURIOUS c : ECCENTRIC, QUEER
synonyms see CHARACTERISTIC, STRANGE
n.: something exempt from ordinary jurisdiction; especially : a church or parish exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary in whose territory it lies
pecuniary
[pɪ’kjuːnɪərɪ] adj. 金钱的；应罚款的
Adj.1 : consisting of or measured in money
2 : of or relating to money
pedagogical
[pedə’gɔdʒikəl] adj. 教育学的；教学法的
Adj. : of, relating to, or befitting a teacher or education
pedant
[‘pedənt] n. 学究；书呆子；卖弄学问的人；空谈家
n.1 obsolete : a male schoolteacher
2 a : one who makes a show of knowledge b : one who is unimaginative or who unduly emphasizes minutiae in the presentation or use of knowledge c : a formalist or precisionist in teaching
pedantry
[‘pedəntri] n. 迂腐；卖弄学问；假装学者
n.1 : pedantic presentation or application of knowledge or learning
2 : an instance of pedantry
pedestrian
[pi'destriən] adj. 徒步的；缺乏想像力的 n. 行人；步行者 Adj.1 : COMMONPLACE, UNIMAGINATIVE 2 a : going or performed on foot b : of, relating to, or designed for walking *a pedestrian mall* n.: a person going on foot : WALKER
peerless
[‘piəlis] adj. 无与伦比的；出类拔萃的；无比的
Adj. : MATCHLESS, INCOMPARABLE
peevish
[‘pi:viʃ] adj. 易怒的，暴躁的；带怒气的；撒娇的
Adj.1 : querulous in temperament or mood : FRETFUL
2 : perversely obstinate a peevish child
3 : marked by ill temper
pejorative
[‘pi:dʒərətive] adj. 轻蔑的；恶化的，变坏的
n. 轻蔑语
n. : a pejorative word or phrase
Adj. : having negative connotations; especially : tending to disparage or belittle : DEPRECIATORY
penal
[‘pi:nl] adj. 刑事的；刑罚的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, or involving punishment, penalties, or punitive institutions
2 : liable to punishment a penal offense
3 : used as a place of confinement and punishment a penal colony
penalize
[‘pi:nəlaiz] vt. 处罚；处刑；使不利
vt.1 : to inflict a penalty on
2 : to put at a serious disadvantage
penchant
[‘pentʃənt,pā:ŋ’ʃā:ŋ] n. 嗜好；倾向
n. : a strong and continued inclination; broadly : LIKING
synonyms see LEANING
pending
['pendiŋ] adj. 未决定的；行将发生的 prep. 在…期间；直到…时为止；在等待…之际 v. 待定；悬而不决prep.1 : DURING 2 : while awaiting *pending approval* Adj.1 : not yet decided : being in continuance *the case is still pending* 2 : IMMINENT, IMPENDING
penetrating
[‘penitreitiŋ] adj. 渗透的；尖锐的；有洞察力的
v. 穿透；贯穿adj.1 : having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading a penetrating shriek
2 : ACUTE, DISCERNING penetrating insights into life
penitent
[‘penitənt] adj. 忏悔的，悔过的
n. 悔罪者，忏悔者
Adj.: feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses : REPENTANT
n.1 : a person who repents of sin
2 : a person under church censure but admitted to penance or reconciliation especially under the direction of a confessor
pensive
[‘pensiv] adj. 沉思的，忧郁的；悲伤的，哀愁的
Adj.1 : musingly or dreamily thoughtful
2 : suggestive of sad thoughtfulness
perception
[pə’sepʃən] n. 知觉；感觉；看法；洞察力；[法律]获取
n.1 a : a result of perceiving : OBSERVATION b : a mental image : CONCEPT
2 obsolete : CONSCIOUSNESS
3 a : awareness of the elements of environment through physical sensation color perception b : physical sensation interpreted in the light of experience
4 a : quick, acute, and intuitive cognition : APPRECIATION b : a capacity for comprehension
synonyms see DISCERNMENT
perceptive
[pə’septiv] adj. 感知的，知觉的；有知觉力的
Adj.1 : responsive to sensory stimuli : DISCERNING a perceptive eye
2 a : capable of or exhibiting keen perception : OBSERVANT a perceptive scholar b : characterized by sympathetic understanding or insight
perennial
[pə’reniəl] adj. [植]多年生的；常年的；四季不断的；常在的；反复的
n. 多年生植物
1 : present at all seasons of the year
2 : persisting for several years usually with new herbaceous growth from a perennating part perennial asters
3 a : PERSISTENT, ENDURING perennial favorites b : continuing without interruption : CONSTANT, PERPETUAL the perennial quest for certainty a perennial student c : regularly repeated or renewed : RECURRENT death is a perennial literary theme
synonyms see CONTINUAL
perfervid
[pə:’fə:vid] adj. 非常热心的；热烈的
Adj. : marked by overwrought or exaggerated emotion : excessively fervent
perfidious
[pə’fidiəs] adj. 背信弃义的；不忠的
Adj. : of, relating to, or characterized by perfidy
synonyms see FAITHLESS
perfume
[pə’fju:m] n. 香水；香味
vt. 洒香水于…；使…带香味
vi. 散发香气
n.1 : the scent of something sweet-smelling
2 : a substance that emits a pleasant odor; especially : a fluid preparation of natural essences (as from plants or animals) or synthetics and a fixative used for scenting
synonyms see FRAGRANCE
vt. : to fill or imbue with an odor
perfunctory
[pə’fʌŋktəri] adj. 敷衍的；马虎的；得过且过的
Adj.1 : characterized by routine or superficiality : MECHANICAL a perfunctory smile
2 : lacking in interest or enthusiasm
perilous
[‘perɪləs] adj. 危险的，冒险的
Adj.: full of or involving peril a perilous journey
periodic
[,piəri’ɔdik] adj. 周期的；定期的
Adj.1 a : occurring or recurring at regular intervals b : occurring repeatedly from time to time
2 a : consisting of or containing a series of repeated stages, processes, or digits : CYCLIC periodic decimals a periodic vibration b : being a function any value of which recurs at regular intervals
3 : expressed in or characterized by periodic sentences
peripatetic
[,peripə’tetik] adj. 漫游的；逍遥学派的
n. 走来走去的人；逍遥学派的人
n.1 capitalized : a follower of Aristotle or adherent of Aristotelianism
2 : PEDESTRIAN, ITINERANT
3 plural : movement or journeys hither and thither
Adj.1 capitalized : ARISTOTELIAN
2 a : of, relating to, or given to walking b : moving or traveling from place to place : ITINERANT
peripheral
[pə’rifərəl] adj. 外围的；次要的
Adj.1 : of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part
2 a : of, relating to, affecting, or being part of the peripheral nervous system peripheral nerves peripheral neuritis b : of, relating to, or being blood in the systemic circulation peripheral lymphocytes
3 : of, relating to, or being the outer part of the field of vision good peripheral vision
4 : AUXILIARY, SUPPLEMENTARY peripheral equipment; also : of or relating to computer peripherals
n. : a device connected to a computer to provide communication (as input and output) or auxiliary functions (as additional storage)
periphery
[pə’rifəri] n. 外围，边缘；圆周；圆柱体表面
n.1 : the perimeter of a circle or other closed curve; also : the perimeter of a polygon
2 : the external boundary or surface of a body
3 a : the outward bounds of something as distinguished from its internal regions or center : CONFINES b : an area lying beyond the strict limits of a thing
perishable
[‘periʃəbl] adj. 易腐坏的；易毁灭的；会枯萎的
n. 容易腐坏的东西
Adj.: liable to perish : liable to spoil or decay such perishable products as fruit, vegetables, butter, and eggs
permeable
[‘pə:miəbl] adj. 能透过的；有渗透性的
Adj. : capable of being permeated : PENETRABLE; especially : having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through a permeable membrane permeable limestone
permeate
[‘pə:mieit] vt. 渗透，透过；弥漫
vi. 弥漫；透入；散布
Intransitive verb : to diffuse through or penetrate something
transitive verb
1 : to spread or diffuse through a room permeated with tobacco smoke
2 : to pass through the pores or interstices of
permissive
[pə’misiv] adj. 许可的；自由的；宽容的；（两性关系）放纵的
Adj.1 archaic : granted on sufferance : TOLERATED
2 a : granting or tending to grant permission : TOLERANT b : deficient in firmness or control : INDULGENT, LAX
3 : allowing discretion : OPTIONAL reduced the permissive retirement age from 65 to 62
pernicious
[pə’niʃəs] adj. 有害的；恶性的；致命的；险恶的
Adj.1 : highly injurious or destructive : DEADLY
2 archaic : WICKED
perpendicular
[,pə:pən’dikjulə] adj. 垂直的，正交的；直立的；陡峭的
n. 垂线；垂直的位置
Adj.1 a : standing at right angles to the plane of the horizon : exactly upright b : being at right angles to a given line or plane
2 : extremely steep : PRECIPITOUS
3 often capitalized : of or relating to a medieval English Gothic style of architecture in which vertical lines predominate
4 : relating to, uniting, or consisting of individuals of dissimilar type or on different levels
synonyms see VERTICAL
n. : a line at right angles to a line or plane (as of the horizon)
perpetrate
[‘pə:pitreit] vt. 犯（罪）；做（恶）
vt.1 : to bring about or carry out (as a crime or deception) : COMMIT
2 : to produce, perform, or execute (something likened to a crime) perpetrate a pun
perpetuate
[pə’petʃueit, -tju-] vt. 使不朽；保持
adj. 长存的
vt. : to make perpetual or cause to last indefinitely perpetuate the species
perquisite
[‘pə:kwizit] n. 额外补贴；临时津贴；特权
n.1 : a privilege, gain, or profit incidental to regular salary or wages; especially : one expected or promised
2 : GRATUITY, TIP
3 : something held or claimed as an exclusive right or possession
persevere
[,pə:si’viə] vi. 坚持；不屈不挠；固执己见（在辩论中）
Vi : to persist in a state, enterprise, or undertaking in spite of counterinfluences, opposition, or discouragement
persist
[pə’sist, -‘zist] vi. 存留，坚持；持续，固执
vt. 坚持说，反复说
vi.1 : to go on resolutely or stubbornly in spite of opposition, importunity, or warning
2 obsolete : to remain unchanged or fixed in a specified character, condition, or position
3 : to be insistent in the repetition or pressing of an utterance (as a question or an opinion)
4 : to continue to exist especially past a usual, expected, or normal time
synonyms see CONTINUE
