L12 Flashcards
ingratiating
[in’ɡreiʃieitiŋ] adj. 逢迎的，讨好的；迷人的，吸引人的
Adj.1 : capable of winning favor : PLEASING an ingratiating smile
2 : intended or adopted in order to gain favor : FLATTERING
inhabit
[in’hæbit] vt. 栖息；居住于；占据
vi. （古）居住；栖息
v.transitive verb
1 : to occupy as a place of settled residence or habitat : live in inhabit a small house
2 : to be present in or occupy in any manner or form the human beings who inhabit this tale ?Al Newman
intransitive verb , archaic : to have residence in a place : DWELL
inherent
[ɪn’hɪrənt]adj. 固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的
adj. : involved in the constitution or essential character of something : belonging by nature or habit : INTRINSIC risks inherent in the venture
inherently
[in’hiərəntli] adv. 内在地；固有地；天性地
inhibit
[in’hibit] vt. 抑制；禁止
v.transitive verb
1 : to prohibit from doing something
2 a : to hold in check : RESTRAIN b : to discourage from free or spontaneous activity especially through the operation of inner psychological or external social constraints
intransitive verb : to cause inhibition
synonyms see FORBID
Ex:Alcohol significantly inhibits the action of the drug.
Ex:The fear of dismissal inhibited employees from raising problems.
inhibition
[,inhi’biʃən] n. 抑制；压抑；禁止
Noun.1 a : the act of inhibiting : the state of being inhibited b : something that forbids, debars, or restricts
2 : an inner impediment to free activity, expression, or functioning: as a : a mental process imposing restraint upon behavior or another mental process (as a desire) b : a restraining of the function of a bodily organ or an agent (as an enzyme)
inimical
[i’nimikəl] adj. 敌意的；有害的
Adj.1 : being adverse often by reason of hostility or malevolence forces inimical to democracy
2 a : having the disposition of an enemy : HOSTILE inimical factions b : reflecting or indicating hostility : UNFRIENDLY his father’s inimical glare
inimitable
[i’nimitəbl] adj. 独特的；无比的；无法仿效的
Adj. : not capable of being imitated : MATCHLESS her own inimitable style
iniquitous
[i’nikwitəs] adj. 邪恶的；不公正的
Adj. : characterized by iniquity
synonyms see VICIOUS
initial
[i’niʃəl] adj. 最初的；字首的
vt. 用姓名的首字母签名
n. 词首大写字母
Adj.1 : of or relating to the beginning : INCIPIENT his initial reaction
2 : placed at the beginning : FIRST the initial word of the verse
n.1 a : the first letter of a name b plural : the first letter of each word in a full name found that their initials were identical
2 : a large letter beginning a text or a division or paragraph
3 : ANLAGE, PRECURSOR; specifically : a meristematic cell
vt.1 : to affix an initial to
2 : to authenticate or give preliminary approval to by affixing the initials of an authorizing representative
initiate
[i’niʃieit, i’niʃiət, -eit] vt. 开始，创始；发起；使初步了解
n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者
adj. 新加入的；接受初步知识的
vt.1 : to cause or facilitate the beginning of : set going initiate a program of reform enzymes that initiate fermentation
2 : to induct into membership by or as if by special rites
3 : to instruct in the rudiments or principles of something : INTRODUCE
synonyms see BEGIN
Adj.1 a : initiated or properly admitted (as to membership or an office) b : instructed in some secret knowledge
2 obsolete : relating to an initiate
n.1 : a person who is undergoing or has undergone an initiation
2 : a person who is instructed or adept in some special field
Ex:Anyone has the right to initiate legislation in Parliament by means of a private bill.
Ex:Bacteria then enters the wound and initiates infection. He initiated a national debate on reform.
Ex:The organization may initiate legal action against you.
injurious
[in’dʒuəriəs] adj. 有害的；诽谤的
Adj.1 : inflicting or tending to inflict injury : DETRIMENTAL injurious to health
2 : ABUSIVE, DEFAMATORY speak not injurious words—-George Washington
innate
[,i’neit] adj. 先天的；固有的；与生俱来的
Adj.1 : existing in, belonging to, or determined by factors present in an individual from birth : NATIVE, INBORN innate behavior
2 : belonging to the essential nature of something : INHERENT
3 : originating in or derived from the mind or the constitution of the intellect rather than from experience
innermost
[‘ɪnəməʊst] adj. 内心的；最里面的，最深处的；秘密的
Adj.: farthest inward : INMOST
innocence
[‘inəsəns] n. 清白，无罪；天真无邪
n.1 a : freedom from guilt or sin through being unacquainted with evil : BLAMELESSNESS b : CHASTITY c : freedom from legal guilt of a particular crime or offense d (1) : freedom from guile or cunning : SIMPLICITY (2) : lack of worldly experience or sophistication e : lack of knowledge : IGNORANCE written in entire innocence of the Italian language ?E. R. Bentley
2 : one that is innocent
3 : BLUET
innocuous
[i’nɔkjuəs] adj. 无害的；无伤大雅的
Adj.1 : producing no injury : HARMLESS
2 : not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility : INOFFENSIVE, INSIPID
innovative
[‘inəuveitiv] adj. 革新的，创新的
Adj. : characterized by, tending to, or introducing innovations
inoffensive
[,inə’fensiv] adj. 不触犯人的；无害的；没恶意的
Adj.1 : causing no harm or injury
2 a : giving no provocation : PEACEABLE b : not objectionable to the senses
inordinate
[ɪ’nɔːdɪnət] adj. 过度的；无节制的；紊乱的
Adj.1 archaic : DISORDERLY, UNREGULATED
2 : exceeding reasonable limits : IMMODERATE
synonyms see EXCESSIVE
inquiry
[in’kwaiəri] n. 探究；调查；质询
n.1 : examination into facts or principles : RESEARCH
2 : a request for information
3 : a systematic investigation often of a matter of public interest
inquisitive
[in’kwizətiv] adj. 好奇的；好问的，爱打听的
Adj.1 : given to examination or investigation
2 : inclined to ask questions; especially : inordinately or improperly curious about the affairs of others
insatiable
[in’seiʃjəbl] adj. 贪得无厌的；不知足的
Adj.: incapable of being satisfied : QUENCHLESS had an insatiable desire for wealth
insatiably
[in’seiʃiəbli] adv. 贪得无厌地；无法满足地
insecure
[,insi’kujə] adj. 不安全的；不稳定的；不牢靠的
Adj.1 : not confident or sure : UNCERTAIN feeling somewhat insecure of his reception
2 : not adequately guarded or sustained : UNSAFE an insecure investment
3 : not firmly fastened or fixed : SHAKY the hinge is loose and insecure
4 a : not highly stable or well-adjusted an insecure marriage b : deficient in assurance : beset by fear and anxiety always felt insecure in a group of strangers
insider
[,in’saidə] n. 内部的人，会员；熟悉内情者
n.: a person recognized or accepted as a member of a group, category, or organization: as a : a person who is in a position of power or has access to confidential information b : one (as an officer or director) who is in a position to have special knowledge of the affairs of or to influence the decisions of a company
insidious
[in’sidiəs] adj. 阴险的；隐伏的；暗中为害的；狡猾的
Adj.1 a : awaiting a chance to entrap : TREACHEROUS b : harmful but enticing : SEDUCTIVE insidious drugs
2 a : having a gradual and cumulative effect : SUBTLE the insidious pressures of modern life b of a disease : developing so gradually as to be well established before becoming apparent
insight
[‘insait] n. 洞察力；洞悉
n.1 : the power or act of seeing into a situation : PENETRATION
2 : the act or result of apprehending the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively
synonyms see DISCERNMENT
insightful
[‘in,saitful] adj. 有深刻见解的，富有洞察力的
Adj. : exhibiting or characterized by insight insightful criticism
insignificant
[,insig’nifikənt] adj. 无关紧要的
Adj.: not significant: as a : lacking meaning or import : INCONSEQUENTIAL b : not worth considering : UNIMPORTANT c : lacking weight, position, or influence : CONTEMPTIBLE d : small in size, quantity, or number
Ex:Her achievements fade into insignificance beside those of her sisters.
Ex:These results are statistically insignificant.
Ex:an event that was considered insignificant
insincere
[,insin’siə] adj. 不诚实的；虚假的
Adj.: not sincere : HYPOCRITICAL
insinuate
[in’sinjueit] vt. 暗示；使逐渐而巧妙地取得；使迂回地潜入
vi. 暗讽；说含沙射影的话
Transitive verb
1 a : to introduce (as an idea) gradually or in a subtle, indirect, or covert way insinuate doubts into a trusting mind b : to impart or suggest in an artful or indirect way : IMPLY I resent what you’re insinuating
2 : to introduce (as oneself) by stealthy, smooth, or artful means
intransitive verb
1 archaic : to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly : CREEP
2 archaic : to ingratiate oneself
synonyms see INTRODUCE, SUGGEST
insipid
[in’sipid] adj. 清淡的；无趣的
Adj.1 : lacking taste or savor : TASTELESS insipid food
2 : lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge : DULL, FLAT insipid prose
insolent
[‘insələnt] adj. 无礼的；傲慢的；粗野的；无耻的
Adj.1 : insultingly contemptuous in speech or conduct : OVERBEARING
2 : exhibiting boldness or effrontery : IMPUDENT
insoluble
[ɪn’sɑljəbl]adj. 不能解决的；[化学] 不能溶解的；难以解释的
: not soluble: as a archaic : INDISSOLUBLE b : having or admitting of no solution or explanation an insoluble problem c : incapable of being dissolved in a liquid and especially water; also : soluble only with difficulty or to a slight degree
instantaneous
[,instən’teinjəs] adj. 瞬间的；即时的；猝发的
1 : done, occurring, or acting without any perceptible duration of time death was instantaneous
2 : done without any delay being purposely introduced took instantaneous action to correct the abuse
3 : occurring or present at a particular instant instantaneous velocity
instantly
[‘instəntli] adv. 立即地；马上地；即刻地
conj. 一…就…
Adv.1 : with importunity : URGENTLY
2 : without the least delay : IMMEDIATELY
Conj. : as soon as *he ran across the grass instantly he perceived his mother ?W. M. Thackeray
instigate
[‘instiɡeit] vt. 唆使；煽动；教唆；怂恿
vt.: to goad or urge forward : PROVOKE
instinctive
[in’stiŋktiv] adj. 本能的；直觉的；天生的
1 : of, relating to, or being instinct
2 : prompted by natural instinct or propensity : arising spontaneously an instinctive fear of innovation ?V. L. Parrington
institute
[‘institjut, -tu:t] vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；提起（诉讼）
n. 学会，协会；学院
vt.1 : to establish in a position or office
2 a : to originate and get established : ORGANIZE instituted reading clinics b : to set going : INAUGURATE instituting an investigation of the charges
n. : something that is instituted: as a (1) : an elementary principle recognized as authoritative (2) plural : a collection of such principles and precepts; especially : a legal compendium b : an organization for the promotion of a cause : ASSOCIATION a research institute an institute for the blind c : an educational institution and especially one devoted to technical fields d : a usually brief intensive course of instruction on selected topics relating to a particular field an urban studies institute
institution
[,insti’tju:ʃən] n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；习俗
n.1 : an act of instituting : ESTABLISHMENT
2 a : a significant practice, relationship, or organization in a society or culture the institution of marriage; also : something or someone firmly associated with a place or thing she has become an institution in the theater b : an established organization or corporation (as a bank or university) especially of a public character; also : ASYLUM 4
institutionalize
[,insti’tju:ʃənəlaiz] vt. 使…制度化
vt.1 : to make into an institution : give character of an institution to institutionalized housing; especially : to incorporate into a structured and often highly formalized system institutionalized values
2 : to put in the care of an institution institutionalize alcoholics
institutionalized
[,insti’tju:ʃənəlaizd] adj. 使成惯例的；有组织的；遭受收容机构所产生的不良影响的
v. 使成为惯例
instructive
[in’strʌktiv] adj. 有益的；教育性的
Adj.:carrying a lesson : ENLIGHTENING
ex:He said he had found the meeting ‘extremely instructive’.
ex:It might be instructive to look a bit more closely at their relationship.
ex:It was a most instructive experience.
instrumental
[,instru’mentəl, ,instrə-] adj. 乐器的；有帮助的；仪器的，器械的
n. 器乐曲；工具字，工具格
Adj.1 a : serving as a crucial means, agent, or tool was instrumental in organizing the strike b : of, relating to, or done with an instrument or tool
2 : relating to, composed for, or performed on a musical instrument
3 : of, relating to, or being a grammatical case or form expressing means or agency
4 : of or relating to instrumentalism
5 : OPERANT 3 instrumental learning instrumental conditioning
insubordinate
[,insə’bɔ:dinət] adj. 不听话的；不顺从的
Adj.: disobedient to authority
insubstantial
[ɪnsəb’stænʃ(ə)l] adj. 脆弱的；无实体的；幻想的，非真实的
Adj.: not substantial: as a : lacking substance or material nature b : lacking firmness or solidity : FLIMSY
insular
[‘insjulə, ‘insə-] adj. 孤立的；与世隔绝的；海岛的；岛民的
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or constituting an island b : dwelling or situated on an island insular residents
2 : characteristic of an isolated people; especially : being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint
3 : of or relating to an island of cells or tissue
insulting
[in’sʌltiŋ] adj. 侮辱的，无礼的；污蔑的；损害人体的
v. 侮辱；损害intransitive verb archaic : to behave with pride or arrogance : VAUNT
transitive verb : to treat with insolence, indignity, or contempt : AFFRONT; also : to affect offensively or damagingly doggerel that insults the reader’s intelligence
synonyms see OFFEND
insurgent
[in’sə:dʒənt] adj. 叛乱的；起义的
n. 叛乱者；起义者
n..1 : a person who revolts against civil authority or an established government; especially : a rebel not recognized as a belligerent
2 : one who acts contrary to the policies and decisions of one’s own political party
Adj. : rising in opposition to civil authority or established leadership : REBELLIOUS
insurmountable
[,ɪnsə’maʊntəb(ə)l] adj. 不能克服的；不能超越的；难以对付的
Adj. : incapable of being surmounted : INSUPERABLE insurmountable problems
intact
[in’tækt] adj. 完整的；原封不动的；未受损伤的
Adj.1 : untouched especially by anything that harms or diminishes : ENTIRE, UNINJURED
2 of a living body or its parts : having no relevant component removed or destroyed: a : physically virginal b : not castrated
synonyms see PERFECT
intangible
[in’tændʒəbl] adj. 无形的，触摸不到的；难以理解的
Adj.: not tangible : IMPALPABLE education’s intangible benefits
integrate
[‘intiɡreit, ‘intiɡrit, -ɡreit] vt. 使…完整；使…成整体；求…的积分；表示…的总和
vi. 求积分；取消隔离；成为一体
adj. 整合的；完全的
n. 一体化；集成体
Transitive verb
1 : to form, coordinate, or blend into a functioning or unified whole : UNITE
2 : to find the integral of (as a function or equation)
3 a : to unite with something else b : to incorporate into a larger unit
4 a : to end the segregation of and bring into equal membership in society or an organization b : DESEGREGATE integrate school districts
intransitive verb : to become integrated
intellectual
[,intə’lektjuəl, -tʃuəl] adj. 智力的；聪明的；理智的
n. 知识分子；凭理智做事者
Adj.1 a : of or relating to the intellect or its use b : developed or chiefly guided by the intellect rather than by emotion or experience : RATIONAL c : requiring use of the intellect intellectual games
2 a : given to study, reflection, and speculation b : engaged in activity requiring the creative use of the intellect intellectual playwrights
intelligible
[in’telidʒəbl] adj. 可理解的；明了的；仅能用智力了解的
Adj.1 a : of or relating to the intellect or its use b : developed or chiefly guided by the intellect rather than by emotion or experience : RATIONAL c : requiring use of the intellect intellectual games
2 a : given to study, reflection, and speculation b : engaged in activity requiring the creative use of the intellect intellectual playwrights
n.1 plural , archaic : intellectual powers
2 : an intellectual person
intemperance
[in’tempərəns] n. 不节制；酗酒；过度
n.: lack of moderation; especially : habitual or excessive drinking of intoxicants
intensification
[in,tensifi’keiʃən] n. 强化；加剧；激烈化；增强明暗度
v.transitive verb
1 : to make intense or more intensive : STRENGTHEN
2 a : to increase the density and contrast of (a photographic image) by chemical treatment b : to make more acute : SHARPEN
intransitive verb : to become intense or more intensive : grow stronger or more acute
intent
[in’tent] n. 意图；目的；含义
adj. 专心的；急切的；坚决的
n.1 a : the act or fact of intending : PURPOSE; especially : the design or purpose to commit a wrongful or criminal act admitted wounding him with intent b : the state of mind with which an act is done : VOLITION
2 : a usually clearly formulated or planned intention : AIM the director’s intent
3 a : MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE b : CONNOTATION 3
synonyms see INTENTION
intentional
[in’tenʃənəl] adj. 故意的；蓄意的；策划的
Adj.1 : done by intention or design : INTENDED intentional damage
2 a : of or relating to epistemological intention b : having external reference
synonyms see VOLUNTARY
interactive
[,intər’æktiv] adj. 交互式的；相互作用的
Adj.1 : mutually or reciprocally active
2 : involving the actions or input of a user; especially : of, relating to, or being a two-way electronic communication system (as a telephone, cable television, or a computer) that involves a user’s orders (as for information or merchandise) or responses (as to a poll)
interchangeable
[,intə’tʃeindʒəbl] adj. 可互换的；可交换的；可交替的
Adj.: capable of being interchanged; especially : permitting mutual substitution interchangeable parts
interchangeably
[intə’tʃeindʒəbli] adv. [数] 可交换地
interconnected
[,ɪntɚkə’nɛkt]adj. 连通的；有联系的
v. 互相连接
Adj.1 : mutually joined or related interconnected highways interconnected political issues
2 : having internal connections between the parts or elements
interdependent
[,intədi’pendənt] adj. 相互依赖的；互助的
Adj. : mutually dependent
interlock
[,intə’lɔk, ‘intəlɔk] v. 互锁；连锁
Intransitive verb : to become locked together or interconnected
transitive verb
1 : to lock together : UNITE
2 : to connect so that the motion or operation of any part is constrained by another
interminable
[in’tə:minəbl] adj. 冗长的；无止尽的
Adj.: having or seeming to have no end; especially : wearisomely protracted *an interminable sermon
interplay
[‘intəplei, ,intə’plei, ‘in-] n. 相互影响，相互作用
vi. 相互影响，相互作用
N: INTERACTION the interplay of opposing forces
interpolate
[in’tə:pəuleit] vt. 篡改；插入新语句
vi. 插入；篡改
Transitive verb
1 a : to alter or corrupt (as a text) by inserting new or foreign matter b : to insert (words) into a text or into a conversation
2 : to insert between other things or parts : INTERCALATE
3 : to estimate values of (data or a function) between two known values
intransitive verb : to make insertions (as of estimated values)
synonyms see INTRODUCE
interpret
[in’tə:prit] vt. 说明；口译
vi. 解释；翻译
Transitive verb
1 : to explain or tell the meaning of : present in understandable terms interpret dreams needed help interpreting the results
2 : to conceive in the light of individual belief, judgment, or circumstance : CONSTRUE interpret a contract
3 : to represent by means of art : bring to realization by performance or direction interprets a role
intransitive verb : to act as an interpreter between speakers of different languages
synonyms see EXPLAIN
interpretation
[in,tə:pri’teiʃən] n. 解释；翻译；演出
interrelate
[,intəri’leit] v. 相互关连
vt. （使）相互关连
Transitive verb : to bring into mutual relation
intransitive verb : to have mutual relationship
ex:Feminist ideas are interrelated with philosophical ideas.
ex:The two problems are closely interrelated.
interrogate
[in’terəuɡeit] vt. 审问；质问；询问
vi. 审问；质问
vt.1 : to question formally and systematically
2 : to give or send out a signal to (as a transponder) for triggering an appropriate response
synonyms see ASK
ex:He was interrogated by police for over 12 hours.
ex:Soon after we arrived, I was interrogated about my parents and our home life.
interruption
[,intə’rʌpʃən] n. 中断；干扰；中断之事
n.1 : an act of interrupting or state of being interrupted
2 : a breach or break caused by the abrupt intervention of something foreign
3 : obstruction caused by breaking in upon a course, current, progress, or motion : STOP
4 : temporary cessation : INTERMISSION, SUSPENSION
5 Scots law : an act or proceeding that defeats an adverse title or claim based on prescription by stopping the running of the period of time required for the perfection of the title or claim and starting it running anew
synonyms see BREAK
intersect
[,intə’sekt] vi. 相交，交叉
vt. 横断，横切；贯穿
Transitive verb : to pierce or divide by passing through or across : CROSS a comet intersecting earth’s orbit one line intersects another
intransitive verb
1 : to meet and cross at a point lines intersecting at right angles
2 : to share a common area : OVERLAP where morality and self-interest intersect
intimate
[‘intimət] adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；[婉]有性关系的
n. 知己；至交
vt. 暗示；通知；宣布
vt.1 : to make known especially publicly or formally : ANNOUNCE
2 : to communicate delicately and indirectly : HINT
synonyms see SUGGEST
Adj.1 a : INTRINSIC, ESSENTIAL b : belonging to or characterizing one’s deepest nature
2 : marked by very close association, contact, or familiarity intimate knowledge of the law
3 a : marked by a warm friendship developing through long association intimate friends b : suggesting informal warmth or privacy intimate clubs
4 : of a very personal or private nature intimate secrets
n.: an intimate friend or confidant
intimation
[,inti’meiʃən] n. 暗示；告知；讽示
intimidate
[in’timideit] vt. 恐吓，威胁；胁迫
vt.: to make timid or fearful : FRIGHTEN; especially : to compel or deter by or as if by threats tried to intimidate a witness
intractable
[in’træktəbl] adj. 棘手的；[医]难治的；倔强的；不听话的
1 : not easily governed, managed, or directed intractable problems
2 : not easily manipulated or wrought intractable metal
3 : not easily relieved or cured intractable pain
synonyms see UNRULY
intransigent
[in’trænsidʒənt] adj. 不妥协的；不让步的
n. 不妥协的人
Adj.: characterized by refusal to compromise or to abandon an extreme position or attitude : UNCOMPROMISING intransigent in their opposition an intransigent attitude
intrepid
[in’trepid] adj. 无畏的；勇敢的；勇猛的
Adj. : characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance an intrepid explorer
intricacy
[‘intrikəsi] n. 错综，复杂；难以理解
Adj.1 : the quality or state of being intricate
2 : something intricate the intricacies of a plot
intricate
[‘intrikət] adj. 复杂的；错综的，缠结的
Adj.1 : having many complexly interrelating parts or elements : COMPLICATED intricate machinery an intricate plot
2 : difficult to resolve or analyze
intrigue
in'tri:ɡ, 'in-] n. 阴谋；诡计；复杂的事；私通 vt. 用诡计取得；激起...的兴趣 vi. 私通；密谋 n.1 a : a secret scheme : MACHINATION b : the practice of engaging in intrigues 2 : a clandestine love affair synonyms see PLOT
intrinsic
[in’trinsik,-kəl] adj. 本质的，固有的
Adj.1 a : belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing the intrinsic worth of a gem the intrinsic brightness of a star b : being or relating to a semiconductor in which the concentration of charge carriers is characteristic of the material itself instead of the content of any impurities it contains
2 a : originating or due to causes within a body, organ, or part an intrinsic metabolic disease b : originating and included wholly within an organ or part intrinsic muscles ? compare EXTRINSIC 1b
introspective
[,intrəu’spektiv] adj. 内省的；反省的
n. : a reflective looking inward : an examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings
introvert
[‘ɪntrəvɜːt] n. 内向的人；内翻的东西
vi. 成为内弯；成为性格内向的人
vt. 使内向；使内倾；使内弯
vt.: to turn inward or in upon itself: as a : to concentrate or direct upon oneself b : to produce psychological introversion in
n.1 : something (as the retractile proboscis of some worms) that is or can be drawn in especially by invagination
2 : one whose personality is characterized by introversion; broadly : a reserved or shy person
intrude
[in'tru:d] vt. 把…强加；把…硬挤 vi. 闯入；侵入；侵扰 Intransitive verb 1 : to thrust oneself in without invitation, permission, or welcome 2 : to enter as a geological intrusion transitive verb 1 : to thrust or force in or upon someone or something especially without permission, welcome, or fitness *intruded himself into their lives* 2 : to cause to enter as if by force
intrusive
[in’tru:siv] adj. 侵入的；打扰的
Adj.1 a : characterized by intrusion b : intruding where one is not welcome or invited
2 a : projecting inward an intrusive arm of the sea b (1) of a rock : having been forced while in a plastic state into cavities or between layers (2) : PLUTONIC
3 : having nothing that corresponds to a sound or letter in orthography or etymon intrusive \t\ in *mints\ for mince
synonyms see IMPERTINENT
intuition
[,intju:’iʃən] n. 直觉；直觉力；直觉的知识
1 : quick and ready insight
2 a : immediate apprehension or cognition b : knowledge or conviction gained by intuition c : the power or faculty of attaining to direct knowledge or cognition without evident rational thought and inference
intuitive
[in’tju:itiv] adj. 直觉的；凭直觉获知的
1 a : known or perceived by intuition : directly apprehended had an intuitive awareness of his sister’s feelings b : knowable by intuition intuitive truths c : based on or agreeing with intuition intuitive responses makes intuitive sense d : readily learned or understood software with an intuitive interface
2 : knowing or perceiving by intuition
3 : possessing or given to intuition or insight an intuitive mind
inure
[i’njuə] vt. 使…习惯；使…适应
vi. 适用；起作用；有助于
Transitive verb : to accustom to accept something undesirable children inured to violence
intransitive verb : to become of advantage policies that inure to the benefit of employees
invade
[in'veid] vt. 侵略；侵袭；侵扰；涌入 vi. 侵略；侵入；侵袭；侵犯 vt.1 : to enter for conquest or plunder 2 : to encroach upon : INFRINGE 3 a : to spread over or into as if invading : PERMEATE *doubts invade his mind* b : to affect injuriously and progressively *gangrene invades healthy tissue* synonyms see TRESPASS
invalidate
[in’vælideit] vt. 使无效；使无价值
vt. : to make invalid; especially : to weaken or destroy the cogency of
synonyms see NULLIFY
invariable
[in’vεəriəbl] adj. 不变的；常数的
n. 常数；不变的东西
Adj.: not changing or capable of change : CONSTANT an invariable routine
invention
[in’venʃən] n. 发明；发明物；虚构；发明才能
n.1 : DISCOVERY, FINDING
2 : productive imagination : INVENTIVENESS
3 a : something invented: as (1) : a product of the imagination; especially : a false conception (2) : a device, contrivance, or process originated after study and experiment b : a short keyboard composition featuring two- or three-part counterpoint
4 : the act or process of inventing
inventive
[in’ventiv] adj. 发明的；有发明才能的；独出心裁的
Adj.1 : adept or prolific at producing inventions : CREATIVE an inventive mind
2 : characterized by invention an inventive method
inverse
[‘invə:s, in’v-, in’və:s] n. 相反；倒转
adj. 相反的；倒转的
vt. 使倒转；使颠倒
Adj.1 : opposite in order, nature, or effect
2 : being an inverse function inverse sine
investigate
[in’vestiɡeit] v. 调查；研究
Transitive verb : to observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry
intransitive verb : to make a systematic examination; especially : to conduct an official inquiry investigate a crime
investigative
[in’vestiɡeitiv] adj. 研究的；调查的；好调查的
Adj.1 : characterized by or having a tendency toward investigation investigative scientist
2 : of or relating to investigation investigative power investigative technique
investor
[in’vestə] n. 投资者
n.: one that invests; specifically : one that seeks to commit funds for long-term profit with a minimum of risk ? contrasted with speculator
invigorate
[in’viɡəreit] vt. 鼓舞；使精力充沛
vt. : to give life and energy to : ANIMATE; also : STIMULATE 1
inviolate
[in’vaiələt, -leit,-leitid] adj. 无污点的；未亵渎的，未受侵犯的
Adj. : not violated or profaned; especially : PURE
involuntary
[in’vɔləntəri] adj. 无意识的；自然而然的；不知不觉的
Adj.1 : done contrary to or without choice
2 : COMPULSORY
3 : not subject to control of the will : REFLEX
involve
[in’vɔlv] vt. 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于
1 archaic : to enfold or envelop so as to encumber
2 a : to engage as a participant workers involved in building a house b : to oblige to take part right of Congress to involve the nation in war c : to occupy (as oneself) absorbingly; especially : to commit (as oneself) emotionally was involved with a married man
3 : to surround as if with a wrapping : ENVELOP
4 a archaic : to wind, coil, or wreathe about b : to relate closely : CONNECT
5 a : to have within or as part of itself : INCLUDE b : to require as a necessary accompaniment : ENTAIL c : 3AFFECT the cancer involved the lymph nodes
synonyms see INCLUDE
involvement
[in’vɔlvmənt] n. 牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难
1 : the act or an instance of involving his involvement of others was inexcusable involvement is uncalled for because there are no moral and spiritual values at stake?M.W.Straight there would be no drama in such a story T no involvement of the spectator’s own inevitable deep divisions?R.P.Warren any action T which might be interpreted as involvement in the big power conflict?G.S.Bhargava
2 : the state or fact of being involved the fluid senses’ involvement in the world?Muriel Rukeyser increasing involvement in public life?Herbert Read knowledge of T diverse peoples, our involvement with them in practical terms and our commitment to them in terms of brotherhood?J.R.Oppenheimer; specifically : inclusion in a damaged area rheumatic fever, with or without heart involvement?Biological Abstracts the child’s face escaped involvement in the injuries?Springfield (Massachusetts) Daily News
3 : an involved or entangled condition or situation : COMPLEXITY, CONFUSION further complaints of obscurity, involvement?John Foster
invulnerable
[in’vʌlnərəbl] adj. 无懈可击的；不会受伤害的
Adj.1 : incapable of being wounded, injured, or harmed
2 : immune to or proof against attack : IMPREGNABLE
irascible
[i’ræsəbl] adj. 易怒的
Adj.: marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger
irate
[ai’reit, ‘aireit] adj. 生气的；发怒的
Adj.1 : roused to ire an irate taxpayer
2 : arising from anger irate words
iridescent
[,iri’desənt, ‘aiəri-] adj. 彩虹色的；闪光的
Adj.: having or exhibiting iridescence
ironic
[ai’rɔnik,-kəl] adj. 讽刺的；反话的
Adj.1 : relating to, containing, or constituting irony an ironic remark an ironic coincidence
2 : given to irony an ironic sense of humor
synonyms see SARCASTIC
irony
[‘aiərəni] n. 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事
adj. 铁的；似铁的
n.1 : a pretense of ignorance and of willingness to learn from another assumed in order to make the other’s false conceptions conspicuous by adroit questioning ? called also Socratic irony
2 a : the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning b : a usually humorous or sardonic literary style or form characterized by irony c : an ironic expression or utterance
3 a (1) : incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result (2) : an event or result marked by such incongruity b : incongruity between a situation developed in a drama and the accompanying words or actions that is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play ? called also dramatic irony, tragic irony
synonyms see WIT
irradiate
[i’reidieit, i’reidiit, -eit] vt. 照耀；使灿烂；启发；放射
vi. 照射；使某事物生辉
adj. 发光的
Transitive verb
1 a : to cast rays of light upon : ILLUMINATE b : to enlighten intellectually or spiritually c : to affect or treat by radiant energy (as heat); specifically : to treat by irradiation
2 : to emit like rays of light : RADIATE irradiating strength and comfort
intransitive verb , archaic : to emit rays : SHINE
irradicable
[i’rædikəbl] adj. 不能根除的
Adj. : impossible to eradicate : DEEP-ROOTED irradicable hatred
irrational
[i'ræʃənəl] adj. 不合理的；无理性的；荒谬的 n. 无理数 adj.: not rational: as a (1) : not endowed with reason or understanding (2) : lacking usual or normal mental clarity or coherence b : not governed by or according to reason *irrational fears* c Greek & Latin prosody (1) of a syllable : having a quantity other than that required by the meter (2) of a foot : containing such a syllable d (1) : being an irrational number *an irrational root of an equation* (2) : having a numerical value that is an irrational number *a length that is irrational* n.1 : an irrational being 2 : IRRATIONAL NUMBER
irreconcilable
[i’rekənsailəbl] adj. 矛盾的；不能和解的；不能协调的
Adj. : impossible to reconcile irreconcilable differences
n. : one that is irreconcilable; especially : a member of a group (as a political party) opposing compromise or collaboration
irredeemable
[,iri’di:məbl] adj. 不能赎回的；不能兑现的；不可救药的
Adj.1 : not redeemable: as a : not terminable by payment of the principal irredeemable bond b : INCONVERTIBLE a
2 : being beyond remedy : HOPELESS irredeemable mistakes
irrefutable
[i’refjutəbl] adj. 不能驳倒的；不能回答的
Adj. : impossible to refute : INCONTROVERTIBLE irrefutable proof
irrelevant
[i’reləvənt] adj. 不相干的；不切题的
Adj.: not relevant : INAPPLICABLE that statement is irrelevant to your argument
irreparable
[i’repərəbl] adj. 不能挽回的；不能修补的
Adj. : not reparable : IRREMEDIABLE irreparable damage
irrepressible
[,iri’presəbl] adj. 抑制不住的；压服不了的
Adj.: impossible to repress, restrain, or control irrepressible curiosity
irreproachable
[,iri’prəutʃəbl] adj. 无可指责的；无过失的
Adj. : not reproachable : BLAMELESS, IMPECCABLE irreproachable conduct
irresistible
[ɪrɪ’zɪstɪb(ə)l] adj. 不可抵抗的；不能压制的；极为诱人的
Adj. : impossible to resist an irresistible attraction
irresolute
[i’rezəlju:t] adj. 优柔寡断的；踌躇不定的；无决断的
Adj.: uncertain how to act or proceed : VACILLATING irresolute legislators
irresponsible
[,iri’spɔnsəbl] adj. 不负责任的；不可靠的
Adj.: not responsible: as a : not answerable to higher authority an irresponsible dictatorship b : said or done with no sense of responsibility irresponsible accusations c : lacking a sense of responsibility d : unable especially mentally or financially to bear responsibility
n. : a person who is irresponsible
irreverent
[i’revərənt] adj. 不敬的，无礼的
Adj.: lacking proper respect or seriousness; also : SATIRIC
irreversible
[,iri’və:səbl] adj. 不可逆的；不能取消的；不能翻转的
Adj.: not reversible
irrevocable
[i’revəkəbl, iri’vəukəbl] adj. 不可改变的；不能取消的；不能挽回的
Adj.: not possible to revoke : UNALTERABLE an irrevocable decision
irrigate
[‘iriɡeit] vt. 灌溉；冲洗；使清新
vi. 灌溉；冲洗
Transitive verb
1 : WET, MOISTEN: as a : to supply (as land or crops) with water by artificial means b : to flush (a body part) with a stream of liquid (as in removing a foreign body or medicating)
2 : to refresh as if by watering
intransitive verb : to practice irrigation
irritable
[‘iritəbl] adj. 过敏的；急躁的；易怒的
Adj.: capable of being irritated: as a : easily exasperated or excited gets irritable when he tires b : responsive to stimuli
irritate
[‘iriteit] vt. 刺激，使兴奋；激怒
vi. 引起恼怒，引起不愉快
Transitive verb
1 : to provoke impatience, anger, or displeasure in : ANNOY
2 : to induce irritability in or of
intransitive verb : to cause or induce displeasure or irritation
irritating
[‘iriteitiŋ] adj. 刺激的；气人的；使愤怒的
v. 刺激（irritate的ing形式）；激怒
Adj. : causing displeasure or annoyance : PROVOKING
isolate
[‘aisəleit, -lit] vt. 使隔离；使孤立；使绝缘
n. 隔离种群
vi. 隔离；孤立
adj. 隔离的；孤立的
vt.1 : to set apart from others; also : QUARANTINE
2 : to select from among others; especially : to separate from another substance so as to obtain pure or in a free state
3 : INSULATE
Adj.: being alone : SOLITARY, ISOLATED
n.1 : an individual, population, strain, or culture obtained by or resulting from selection or separation
2 : an individual socially withdrawn or removed from society
iterate
[‘itəreit, -rət] vt. [计]迭代；重复；反复说；重做
vt.: to say or do again or again and again : REITERATE
itinerant
[ɪ’tɪn(ə)r(ə)nt; aɪ-] n. 巡回者；行商
adj. 巡回的；流动的
Adj. : traveling from place to place; especially : covering a circuit itinerant preacher
jaded
[‘dʒeidid] adj. 厌倦的；疲倦不堪的
v. 厌倦（jade的过去分词）；变得疲倦；精疲力竭
Adj.1 : fatigued by overwork : EXHAUSTED
2 : made dull, apathetic, or cynical by experience or by surfeit jaded network viewers jaded voters
jeopardize
[‘dʒepədaiz] vt. 危害；使陷危地；使受危困
vt.: to expose to danger or risk : IMPERIL
jest
[dʒest] n. 笑话，俏皮话；玩笑
vi. 开玩笑；嘲笑
vt. 嘲笑
n.1 : an utterance (as a jeer or quip) intended to be taken as mockery or humor
2 a : PRANK b : a ludicrous circumstance or incident
3 a : a frivolous mood or manner spoken in jest b : gaiety and merriment
4 : LAUGHINGSTOCK
synonyms see FUN
jocular
[‘dʒɔkjulə] adj. 爱开玩笑的；打趣的；滑稽的
Adj.1 : given to jesting : habitually jolly or jocund
2 : characterized by jesting : PLAYFUL
synonyms see WITTY
jolting
[dʒolt] n. 震动；震压造型
v. 震动；颠簸（jolt的ing形式）；慌乱
adj. : tending to jolt : attended by or producing jolts a jolting ride a jolting experience
journalistic
[,dʒə:nə’listik] adj. 新闻业的，新闻工作者的
Adj.: of, relating to, or characteristic of journalism or journalists journalistic principles
jubilant
[‘dʒu:bilənt] adj. 欢呼的；喜洋洋的
Adj.: EXULTANT
judicious
[dʒu:’diʃəs] adj. 明智的；头脑精明的；判断正确的
Adj.: having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgment : DISCREET
synonyms see WISE
jumble
[‘dʒʌmbl] n. 混乱；杂乱的一堆东西
vi. 混杂；搀杂
vt. 使混乱；搞乱
Intransitive verb : to move in a confused or disordered manner
transitive verb : to mix into a confused or disordered mass ? often used with up
n.1 a : a mass of things mingled together without order or plan : HODGEPODGE b : a state of confusion
2 British : articles for a rummage sale
n.: a small thin usually ring-shaped sugared cookie or cake
juncture
[‘dʒʌŋktʃə] n. 接缝；连接；接合
1 a : JOINT, CONNECTION b : the manner of transition or mode of relationship between two consecutive sounds in speech
2 : an instance of joining : JUNCTION
3 : a point of time; especially : one made critical by a concurrence of circumstances
justifiable
[‘dʒʌstifaiəbl] adj. 可辩解的，有道理的；可证明为正当的
Adj. : capable of being justified : EXCUSABLE justifiable family pride ?Current Biography
justify
[‘dʒʌstifai] vi. 证明合法；整理版面
vt. 证明…是正当的；替…辩护
Transitive verb
1 a : to prove or show to be just, right, or reasonable b (1) : to show to have had a sufficient legal reason (2) : to qualify (oneself) as a surety by taking oath to the ownership of sufficient property
2 a archaic : to administer justice to b archaic : ABSOLVE c : to judge, regard, or treat as righteous and worthy of salvation
3 a : to space (as lines of text) so that the lines come out even at the margin b : to make even by justifying justified margins
intransitive verb
1 a : to show a sufficient lawful reason for an act done b : to qualify as bail or surety
2 : to justify lines of text
synonyms see MAINTAIN
juvenile
[‘dʒu:vənail, -nil] adj. 青少年的；幼稚的
n. 青少年；少年读物
Adj.1 a : physiologically immature or undeveloped : YOUNG b : derived from sources within the earth and coming to the surface for the first time ? used especially of water and gas
2 : of, relating to, characteristic of, or suitable for children or young people juvenile books
3 : reflecting
n.1 a : a young person : YOUTH b : a book for children or young people
2 : a young individual resembling an adult of its kind except in size and reproductive activity: as a : a fledged bird not yet in adult plumage b : a 2-year-old racehorse
3 : an actor or actress who plays youthful partspsychological or intellectual immaturity : CHILDISH
keen
[ki:n] adj. 敏锐的，敏捷的；渴望的；强烈的；热心的；锐利的
n. 痛哭，挽歌
Adj.1 a : having a fine edge or point : SHARP b : affecting one as if by cutting keen sarcasm c : pungent to the sense a keen scent
2 a (1) : showing a quick and ardent responsiveness : ENTHUSIASTIC a keen swimmer (2) : EAGER was keen to begin b of emotion or feeling : INTENSE the keen delight in the chase ?F. W. Maitland
3 a : intellectually alert : having or characteristic of a quick penetrating mind a keen student a keen awareness of the problem; also : shrewdly astute b : sharply contested keen debate c : extremely sensitive in perception keen eyes
4 : WONDERFUL, EXCELLENT
synonyms see SHARP, EAGER
n.: a lamentation for the dead uttered in a loud wailing voice or sometimes in a wordless cry
Intransitive verb
1 a : to lament with a keen b : to make a sound suggestive of a keen
2 : to lament, mourn, or complain loudly
transitive verb : to utter by keening
kidney
[‘kidni] n. 肾脏；腰子；个性
n.1 a : one of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in humans are bean-shaped organs about 4 1/2 inches (11 1/2 centimeters) long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder b : any of various excretory organs of invertebrate animals
2 : the kidney of an animal eaten as food
3 : sort or kind especially with regard to temperament a nice helpful guy, of a different kidney entirely from theTSecret Police ?Paula Lecler
