Kinesiology 6 Flashcards
The Nervous system
nervous system
a highly complex mechanism in the body that controls, stimulates, and coordinates all other body systems
central nervous system
includes the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
includes everything outside the spinal cord and the automated nervous system (ANS)
subdivisions of Automated nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous system
deals with stress and stimulation
parasympathetic nervous system
deals with conserving energy
dendrite
nerve fiber branch which receives impulses from other parts of the nervous system and brings those impulses toward the cell body
axon
transmits impulse away from nerve cell body, located on opposite site of dendrites
myelin
fatty sheath that often surrounds axons
node of Ranveir
myelin break approximately every .5 mm
function of myelin
to increase the speed of impulse conduction
grey matter
areas that contain mostly unmyelinated fibers
white matter
areas that contain mostly myelinated fiber
nerve fiber
the conductor of impulses from the neuron
synapse
small gap between neurons
tract
a group of myelinated fibers within the CNS that carries a specific type of information from one area to another
Within the CNS a group of fibers may be referred to as
fasiculus, peduncle, brachium, column, or lemniscus
Within the PNS a group of fibers may be called
spinal nerve, root nerve, plexus, or peripheral nerve
motor neuron
efferent, has a large body with multibranched dendrites and a long axon
sensory neuron
afferent, has a dendrite, which arises from sensory receptors located in skin, muscles, and joints and runs all the way to its cell body in the posterior root ganglion, located in the interverbal foramen
interneuron
found within the CNS, function is to itegrate signals from one or more sensory neurons and relay impulses to motor neurons
Brain
made up of cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum
cerebrum
largest and main portion of the brain. responsible for the highest mental functions, occupies the anterior and superior area of the cranium above the brainstem and cerebellum, is made up of right and left hemispheres which are joined across the midline via the corpus callosum
cortex
outer covering that is many cell layers deep
lobes
each hemisphere of the brain is divided into 4 lobes. Each lobe has specific functions. Specific location of some functions remains undetermined, lobes are frontal occipital, parietal, and temporal
frontal lobe
occupies anterior portion of the skull, controls personality, motor movement, and expressive speech
occipital lobe
takes up posterior portion of the skull, responsible for vision and recognition of size, shape, and color
parietal lobe
lies between frontal and occipital, nerves control gross sensation such as touch and pressure, also controls fine sensation such as determination of texture, weight, size, and shape, brain activity related to reading also located here
temporal lobe
lies under the frontal and parietal lobes just above ear, behavior, hearing, language reception and understanding are centered here
thalamus
located deep within the cerebral hemispheres, serves as a relay station of body sensations, here pain is perceived
hypothalamus
deep inside brain, important for horomone function and behaviour
basil ganglia
also located deep inside brain, is important in coordination of motor movement
Brainstem
lies below cerebrum, can be divided into three parts the midbrain which is the center for visual reflexes, the pons which is latin for bridge , and the medulla oblongata which is the most caudal, or inferior portion of the brain is also center of control for heart rate and respiration
foramen magnum
transition from medulla to spinal cord
cerebellum
latin for ‘little brain’, is located in the posterior position of the cranium behind the pons and medulla, is covered superiorly by the cerebrum, main function are control of muscle coordination, tone, and posture
brain protection
three levels; bony, membranous, and fluid
Skull
bony portion of brain protection, is made of several bones with joints fused together
`meninges
three layer of membrane within skull, cover the brain and provide support and protection, also cover spinal cord
dura mater
the thickest, most fibrous, tough outer layer of meninges
arachnoid
thinner , mid level of meninges
pia mater
inner layer meninges, carries blood vessels to brain and spinal cord
subarachnoid space
area between pia mater and arachnoid layers of meninges, circulates cerebrospinal fluid. This surrounds the brain and fills four ventricles within the brain
spinal cord
a continuation of the medulla, runs within the vertral canal from the foramen magnum to the cone shaped conus medullaris at approximately the 2nd lumbar vertebrae in an adult
cauda equina
runs from L2 to S5
filum terminale
small threadlike, nonneural filament that runs from the conus medullaric and attaches to the coccyx
vertebral foramen
the passageway for the spinal cord
vertebral body
anterior weight bearing portion of the vertebrae
posterior neural arch
rear portion of verterbrae
intervertebral foramen
located on the sides of the vertebral column, opening formed by the superior vertebral notch of the vertebrae below and the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebrae above, where the spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal
Grey matter of spinal cord
h shaped butterfly in the center of the spinal cord
posterior horn
top portion of neural H, receives and transmits sensory impulses
anterior horn
portion of H that deals with motor neurons
white matter of spinal cord
contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor fiber pathways
posterior columns
dorsal columns, located posterior medial of spinal cord, deal with proprioception, pressure, and vibration
lateral corticospinal tract
pathway of particular signifigance to muscle control
upper motor neuron
cell bodies located in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and cerebellum (spinal cord injuries, multiple scerosis, parkinsonism, cerebrovascular accident, various types of head injuries)
lower motor neurons
cell bodies located in the anterior horn ( muscular dystrophy, poliomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, peripheral nerve injuries)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
made up of all nervous tissue outside the vertebral calal and brainstem. Begins at anterior horn
cranial nerves
12 npair
spinal nerves
31 pair, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbral,5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The first 7 nerves exit above vertebrae, because there are 8 cervical nerves and only 7 cervical vertebrae cervical nerve 8 exits below vertebrae c7. Following all nerves exit below vertebrae
Dermatomes
area of skin supplied with sensory fibers
cervical plexus (C2-C5)
C1-C4,innervate scapula area
brachial plexus
C5- T1, join together forming 3 trunks (SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, INFERIOR)
Each of 3 brachial plexus trunks
split into an anterior and posterior division
Brachial divisions spit into cords
Lateral Posterior, and Medial
5 pripheral nerves from from three Brachial cords
Musculocutaeneous (from lateral cord), Axillary nerve (from posterior cord), Radial Nerve (from posterior nerve), Median Nerve (from lateral and medial cords), and ulnar nerve (from medial cord)
Lumbrosacral PLexus
obturator nerve, femoral nerve, super gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve, common fibular nerve, tibial nerve
Spina bifida
a congenital deficit in which the posterior segments of some of the vertebrae fail to close during embryo development three type from no signs to severe. Spina Bifida Occulta, Meningocele, myelomeningocele
hydrocephalus
‘water on the brain’, involves cerebrospinal fluid production, pressure on brain
cerebral palsy
nonprogressive disorders of the brain that result from damage utero, at birth, or soon after birth
Spinal Cord Injury
SCI,
quadroplegia
refers to all four extremities, T1 and above
paraplegia
lower extremity involvement, T2 and below
Central Cord Syndrome
Greater loss of upper limb function compared with lower
Brown-Sequard sysndrome
injury to one side of the spinal cord, weakness and loss of proprioception on one side, loss of thermal and paid sensation opposite
Anterior cord syndrome
injury affects the anterior spinal tracts, muscle function, pain sensation, thermal sensation are lost
Automatic dysreflexia, hyperflexia
spinal cord injuries at, or above T10
Myasthenia gravis
defect of neuromuscular function, weakened and fatigued of skeletal muscles
Muscular dystrophy
hereditary and progressive disease of muscle tissue, weakness of proximal muscles, followed by progressive involvement in distal muscles
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
degenerative motor disease involving upper and lower motor neurons, Lou Gehrig’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
an irreversable, progressive brain disorder causing dementia and loss of cognitive functioning
Multiple Sclerosis
breaking down of myelin sheath aroundaxoms
Bell’s Palsy
involves facial nerve, typically effects one side of the face
scapular winging
occurs when an injury to the long thoracic nerve weakens or paralyzes the serratus anterior muscle causing the medial border of the scapula to rise away from the rib cage
Brachial PLexus conditions
Thoracic outlet syndrome, burner (or stringer) syndrome
conditions that effect the radial nerve
Saturday Night Palsy
wrist drop
loss of wrist extension
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
result of compression of the medial nerve as it passes within the carpal tunnel
Cubital tunnel
familiar to Carpal tunnel, just cubital and ulnar nerve
ape hand
loss of thumb opposition (median nerve injury)
pope’s blessing, hand of benediction
median nerve injury also, inability to flex thumb index and middle fingers
claw hand
loss of the intrinsic muscle due to ulnar nerve damage
sciatica
caused by irritation of the sciatic nerve roots, with pain radiating down the back of the legs, often caused by compression from a herniated lumbar disc
foot drop
damage to common fibular (peroneal) nerve
morton’s neuroma
an enlarged nerve and usually occurs between third and fourth toes (branches of the tibial nerve)
