Kinesiol;ogy 7 Flashcards
Chapter 7 - Circulatory System
Cardiovascular system
includes the blood vessels (arteries and veins) and the heart, transports blood throughout the body, transports blood from the capillaries in the lungs to capillaries throughout the body, the heart is the pump that pushes blood through the arteries and veins, blood and lymph are the liquid mediums in which the materials are transported.
lymphatic system
linked directly to the circulatory system and immune system, is made up of lymph vessels and nodes, collects excess extracellular fluid as lymph and transports it from the periphery to the venous system, thereby helping the cardiovascular system maintain adequate blood volume and pressure. In addition, helps the immune system by filtering bacteria,viruses, waste products and other foreign matter and by producing specific antibodies that help the immune system fight infection and defend against invasion by foreign material
cardiovascular system
considered a closed system which operates two different and distinct loops - the pulmonary system and the systemic circuit
pulmonary system
transports oxygen-depleted blood from the body through the right side of the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. When blood reaches the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen before returning to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins
systemic circuit
loops through the left side of the heart out to the rest of the body via the aorta and branching arteries and then to capillary beds where the oxygen in the blood is exchanged for carbon dioxide allowing the blood to be transported back to the right side of the heart through veins
heart
largely an involuntary muscle that provides the pumping force to move blood through the blood vessels
mediastinum
middle portion of the thoracic cavity, all of the chest organs, besides the lungs (not fully) are contained in the mediasternum
atria
two top chambers of the heart
ventricles
two lower chambers of the heart
valves
allow blood to flow in only one direction
atrioventricular valves
(AV) valves between atria and ventricles
semilunar valves
(SL) valves between ventricles and arteries leading out of the heart
tricuspid valve
valve between right atrium and ventricle, called tricuspid because of three flaps
bicuspid valve
valve between left atrium and ventricle, called bicuspid because of two flaps
mitral valve
another name for bicuspid valve, called so because it resembles the ceremonial headdress , consisting of two parts (miter) worn by bishops and certain other clergy
pulmonic/ pulmonary valve
SL Valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs
aortic valve
SL valve between left ventricle and the aorta
superior and inferior vena cava
two veins returning blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart
pulmonary trunk
branches into right and left pulmonary arteries leading to the the right and left lungs
heart sounds
occur when heart valves close, (lub) first sound is AV valves closing, (dub) SL valves closing
cardiac cycle
series of mechanical events from and to right atrium
arteries
three layer vessels which transport blood away from heart
arterioles
smallest arteries
aorta
largest artery, directly after heart
veins
three layer vessels which transport blood back to the heart, larger ones contain valves, also greater diameter than arteries with thinner walls, less elastic than arteries, generally paired with arteries
venules
smallest veins
superior and inferior vena cava
largest veins
capillaries
one layer endothelial tubes forming the link between arteries and veins, all exchanges happen in capillaries
coronary arteries
branch off of aorta first
pulse
an important clinical feature of arteries, the throbbing that can be felt at various locations in the body, caused by contraction and expansion of an artery as a wave of blood passes a particular spot
radial artery
artery of wrist
carotid artery
artery of neck
dorsal pedis artery
artery atop ankle
blood pressure
pressure is highest during contracting phase, systole and lowest when ventricles relax and fill, diastole
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff
ascending aorta
leaves the left ventricle of the heart, passes upward and arches above the heart
coronary arteries
immediately branch off of the ascending aorta are right and left coronary arteries which supply the heart muscle
myocardium
heart muscle
coronary sinus
largest venous vessel of heart, receives blood from myocardium and empties directly into the right ventricle
arch of aorta
contains three branches: first the brachiocephalic trunk, second is left carotid, third left subclavian
brachiocephalic trunk
major source for right side of head and right arm
left carotid artery
major blood supply to left side of head
left subclavian
major blood supply of left upper extremitiy
descending aorta
branch after first three trunk off of aorta, turning downward
lymphatic system
linked to cardiovascular system and immune sytem
lymphatic vessels
collect fluid and proteins that have leaked out of the blood capillaries and return them to the venous system as lymph
lymphatic organs
serve as staging areas for defense against infection from microbes and other foreign particles
lymphatic system
a partially open system, moves fluid from the periphery system to the subclavian veins, begins as capillaries in the tissues and ends as ducts emptying into the subclavian vein, is a one way system from periphery to venous system
function of lymphatic system
four functions 1) collect lymph from the bodies interstitial spaces, 2) filtering the lymph through lymph nodes, 3) detecting and fighting infections in the lymph nodes, and 4) returning the lymph to the blood stream
lymph collection
lymphatic system collects the excess fluid left by blood capillaries and returns it to venous system, this maintains a vital role in maintaining normal blood volume and blood pressure
interstitial spaces
tissue spaces, spaces between cells
lymph capillaries
have one way valves
lymph
interstitial fluid once inside lymph capillary
Lymph
originates as plasma
plasma
fluid portion of blood
lymph capillaries
initial lymph vessels, a vasy network through out most of the body. Not found in central nervous system, bones, epidermis, certain types of cartilage, and any avascular tissue
lymph vessels
as capillaries join together
lymph vessels
wider than veins, have thinner walls and more valves, contain lymph nodes
lymph node
kidney bean-shaped sac located at various places along lymph route
angion
name of space between valves in lymphatic system, contain smooth muscle in the walls resulting in sequential contractions that are activated by nerves that encircle angions. The squeezing of surrounding skeletal muscles assists in movement
sentinel node
first node in a group of lymph nodes
afferent lymph vessel
lymph enters nodes through
efferent lymph vessel
lymph exits nodes through
damaged lymph node
can not regenerate
lymphatic system
drainage, not circulation
regional nodes
3 main: cervical (neck), axillary (upper extremity), and inguinal (lower extremity), loated at junctions between extremities and trunk
watersheds
separate the areas of lymph drainage
hemorrhage
break in blood vessel allowing blood to leak out of closed system
cerebral hemorrhage
hemorrhage occurring within the confines of the skull
stroke
blood leakage, forced out of broken vessel
Epidural
bleeds occur in arteries
subdural
bleeds occur in veins
Congestive heart failure
a condition where the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out to various parts of the body
heart murmur
an extra, or unusual heart sound in addition to the normal lub-dub sounds heard during heart contraction. A whooshing sound that is sometimes heard is usually turbulent backflow, could be normal, or shows that blood is flowing in the wrong direction
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries,a condition that slows blood flow, it is especially a problem in the legs and feet
atherosclerosis
a type of arteriosclerosis, is when fatty deposits in walls of the arteries cause narrowing, or blockage
ischemia
a deficient supply of blood to a body part that is due to an obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood, as by narrowing of arteries by spasm, or disease
angina
pain
occulsion
To close, obstruct, or prevent the passage
vericose veins
occur as the blood pools in the vbeins, enlarging it
phlebitis
an inflammation of a vein
thrombosis
formation of a blood clkot that may partially, or totally block a blood vessel(artery or vein)
thrombophlebitis
often shortened to phlebitis, when clot forms causing an inflammation of the vein
Embolism
a blood clot that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of the body until becoming wedged, causing an obstruction
anuerysm
abnormal outward bulging or ballooning that is oftn caused by a weakened area in the wall, may go undetected until ruptures.e
Thoracic outlet syndrome
a group oif disorders involving compression of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery and vein within the space called the thoracic outlet. Various vascular, neurological, and muscular symptoms may result
lymphedema
abnormal drainage resulting in accumulation of excess lymph and swelling. Most commonly involves arms and legs. Treatment of lymphedema is often based on the patterns of lymph damage.
