Kidney diseases, liver and skin

Question 1

Kidney diease

Answer 1

Losing functions of the kidneys, can lose up to 80% of function before you realise

Question 2

Risk factors of kidney disease (5)

Answer 2

Diabetes (leads to excess glucose in the blood), High blood pressure, Glomerulonephritis, Cystic disease, Urologic diseases

Question 3

What happens when there is kidney damage

Answer 3

Fluid levels become too high or too low, Proteins and cells may be lost into urine, Build-up of toxins and wastes

Question 4

What happens when kidney stones form

Answer 4

Can form when the concentration of water in the urine is too low, crystals form which turn into rocks that are painful to pass

Question 5

What are the 2 options for someone with kidney failure

Answer 5

Dialysis, transplant

Question 6

Dialysis

Answer 6

method of removing wastes from the body when kidney failure occurs, Uses diffusion and concentration differences to move materials from one location to another

Question 7

What are the 2 types of dialysis

Answer 7

Peritoneal, haemodialysis

Question 8

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 8

puts a dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity, allows waste products to be moved out of the capillaries, done daily, risk of infection

Question 9

Haemodialysis

Answer 9

a canular in the vein removes blood from the body and puts it into a machine which removes the wastes, done a few times a week, risk of infection

Question 10

How can you prevent kidney disease

Answer 10

Maintain a healthy body weight to prevent hypertension and diabetes, Don’t smoke/vape, Drink lots of water, Avoid drugs

Question 11

Amino acids

Answer 11

Any group of organic molecules consisting of a basic amino group NH2, acidic carboxyl group COOH and an organic R side group (attaches to central carbon atom) that is unique to each amino acid, building blocks of protein, result from the breakdown of proteins

Question 12

What happens to excess protein in the body

Answer 12

Can’t be stored, broken down in the liver through deamination

Question 13

Deamination

Answer 13

removal of an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid molecule, Break down of proteins into amino acids which can be used to build new proteins for growth and repair

Question 14

What happens if there are excess amino acids

Answer 14

they are broken down (amino group is removed) into a glucose like molecule (sugar) and an ammonia which is converted into urea to be excreted

Question 15

What happens if there isn’t excess amino acids

Answer 15

they are deaminated into urea

Question 16

What happens to the sugar/glucose like molecule

Answer 16

converted back into glucose for cellular respiration, turned into glycogen to be stored, turned into fat if there is excess glucose

Question 17

What are other roles of the liver

Answer 17

Breaks down alcohol and other drugs such as antibiotics, It deactivates hormones and breaks them down so they can be excreted, Haemoglobin from dead red blood cells is broken down to produce bile pigments which is then removed in the faeces

Question 18

What is the skins main function

Answer 18

provide a protective covering and regulate body temperature (allows heat to be radiated away, sweat layer uses kinetic energy from the body to evaporate)

Question 19

How does the skin excrete waste

Answer 19

Through sweat glands which open into pores to remove water, sodium chloride, lactic acid and urea