Cells and Tissues Flashcards
Basic cell theory
All living organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and organisation, cells come from pre-existing cells
Organisms can be
Unicellular or multicellular
Cells contain
Organelles (mini organs) in a semi-fluid matrix called cytoplasm which is the material between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane
Cytosol
Liquid part of the cytoplasm of a cell
Cell/plasma membrane
Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell, thin and flexible lipid and lipid and protein barrier, surrounds the cell and its organelles
Mitochondria
Carries out aerobic cellular resperation to produce energy (ATP) for the cell
Ribosomes
Carry out protein synthesis (making protein), found on the rough ER or free in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Regulates or controls all cell activity, contains DNA, has nuclear pores which allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Series of channels or tubes made up of 2 parts
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Connects to the outer membrane of the nucleus (nuclear envelope) and has ribosomes on it where protein sunthesis occurs
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Connects to the rough ER, doesn’t have ribosomes, synthesises lipids, substances are exported from the ER in a vesicle
Golgi body/apparatus
Stacked sacs that modify proteins, protein in a vesicle from the ER moves into the GB and is modified, a new vesicle forms to export it from the cell or to the cell membrane to form part of the cell membrane
Centrioles
A pair of cylindrical substances involved in cell reproduction
Cytoskeleton
Internal scaffolding of protein fibres in the cytoplasm
Microtubles
Help maintain cell shape and keep organelles in place or move them around the cell
Microfilaments
Move materials around the cell
Cilia and flagella
Small projections on some cells to move substances over the surface of the cell or move the cell itself
Humans are
Multicellular organisms
Tissues are formed from
Cells with a similar structure and function that are grouped together
Organs are formed from
Tissues with related functions that are grouped together
Organ systems are formed from
Organs working together
The body is formed from
Interdependent systems
4 types of tissue
Epithelial, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Line internal and external surfaces, Eg skin and lining of the digestive system
Muscle tissue
Contractile and elastic, muscle can be striated, smooth or cardiacs
Nerve tissue
Made up of neurons which are capable of sending electro-chemical impulses, relay impulses to and from the central nervous system
Connective tissue
Provides support and structure for the body, bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fat, blood
Lipid bilayer
Each phosopholipid molecule consists of a head containg a phosphate group and 2 lilid tails
Channel proteins
Form a channel from one side through to the other side of the cell membrane to allow small molecules such as water and water soluble ions to pass through
Carrier proteins
Proteins that specifically bind to a particular molecule such as glucose or amino acids to assist their movement through the cell membrane, molecule binds to an active site on the CP, the shape changes and the CP moves the molecule to the other side of the CM
Cell identity markers
Proteins that indicate the cell is part of your body
Lysosome
Site of chemical breakdown
Fluid mosaic model
Mosaic due to the different protein components, fluid for movability
