keywords - gs3 Flashcards
Keyword
Content
From Atmanirbhar Bharat to Viksit Bharat
Transition from Atmanirbharta (self-sufficiency) to Vikshit Bharat (developed nation).
Sweet Spot
It showcases the current and future potential for growth.
Virtuous Cycle Approach
Describes a chain of positive events that reinforces itself. A positive result leads to another positive result, strengthening circumstances as a whole. For example, India’s high economic growth period from 2003 to 2008.
Hard to Beat Size Advantage
The benefit of being bigger in size.
Neoteric (Modern) Innovators
Atal Tinkering Labs aim to cultivate 1 million children of India as Neoteric Innovators.
Economies of Scale to Economies of Scope
Economies of scale refer to cost advantages and efficiencies with increased production of a particular product.
Man-Making
Coined by Swami Vivekananda, referring to imparting resilience and personal responsibility among the people. For example, Atmanirbhar Bharat.
Vocal for Local
Emphasizes the importance of local manufacturing and supply chains, especially during the COVID-19 crisis. It asserts the need to support local businesses and products.
Information Asymmetry
A situation where there is imperfect knowledge, often occurring when one party has different information than another. For example, government structures may have weak mechanisms to collect ground-level information about farmers, leading to issues with the supply of credit.
One-Size Fits All Approach to Tailor-Made Approach
Tailor-made approach refers to catering to the specific needs of regions and people, as opposed to a one-size-fits-all strategy.
Departmentalism
When departments work in isolation, leading to unhealthy competition and narrow goals at the cost of organizational objectives. Unification of services aims to address this issue.
Siloed to Cross-Functional Approach
Moving from departments working in isolation to collaborative efforts where different departments share resources to achieve common goals.
Technological Upgradation and Diversification
Upgradation refers to advancements like from magnetic chip cards to encrypted chip cards, while diversification involves allowing card-less payments for low-value transactions.
Trade-Tech with Fin-Tech
The intersection of technology, finance, and trade to increase efficiency.
Technological Unemployment
Unemployment resulting from the introduction of new technology into the economy.
Technological Diffusion
The transfer of new technologies from their point of origin to new users in different countries.
Focused Diversification
Diversification within a specific, focused area, such as the recommendations of the Baba Kalyani committee on SEZ reforms in areas like engineering and design, biotech, and healthcare services.
SENSE for Startups
Acronym for Share, Explore, Nature, Serve, and Empower, relating to startup ecosystem development.
Single Window Clearance Mechanism
A system like PARIVESH for faster clearance of environmental, forest, wildlife, and CRZ proposals. For example, the civil aviation ministry’s Investment Clearance Cell.
One District, One Product
Promoting and manufacturing one product from each district, often focusing on GI-tagged products.
Missing Middle
Refers to the low concentration of medium-scale industries.
Ceteris Paribus
A Latin phrase meaning “all other things being equal,” used to isolate the effects of one variable while ignoring others. For example, examining the effect of supply chain changes on inflation while keeping other factors constant.
Absolute Poverty
Scarcity of basic necessities such as food, clean water, health, shelter, education, and information. It is marked by severe struggles for survival and high child mortality from preventable diseases.
Relative Poverty
Defined from a social perspective, comparing living standards to the economic standards of others in the surroundings. For example, a family may be considered poor if they cannot afford vacations or higher education for their children.
Multidimensional Poverty
Poverty defined by multiple indicators beyond income, such as poor health, poor quality of work, and the threat of violence.
Plug and Play Approach
Ready facilities with necessary infrastructure and clearances for starting an industry.
Process Education
Ensuring that knowledge translates into practical behavior, such as using an ATM card or performing a UPI transaction.
Demand Constrained Economy
An economy where the level of economic activity is limited by the demand for goods and services.
5C Approach
For Financial Literacy: Content, Capacity, Community, Communication, and Collaboration.
Shift from Information-Based Syllabus to Skill-Based Curriculum
NEP 2020 emphasizes vocational education from Class 6, including internships.
Sahakar se Samriddhi
Prosperity through cooperation.
Follower Mentality
How people are influenced by peers to adopt behaviors based on emotions rather than rationality.
Culture of Innovation
A corporate culture designed to promote the development of innovations within a company.
Jai Anusandhan
A push for innovation and research.
Walmartisation
The impact of a large chain store entering a region and negatively affecting local businesses, often pushing displaced workers into low-paying jobs.
McDonaldization
The increasing global spread of a standardized, fast-food culture.
Integrity Pact
A multi-party agreement involving a public body, interested companies, and a third-party organization to monitor compliance with the agreement.
Society of Abundance
A system where resources are distributed in a way that allows everyone access without limiting others.
Leaky Bucket Phenomenon
A situation where resources are lost due to poor management and allocation.
Atithi Devo Bhava
A social awareness campaign aimed at providing inbound tourists with a sense of being welcomed.
Trapped at Low End of Global Value Chain
Despite improvements in the ease of doing business, India remains at the low end of the global value chain, deterring international firms and affecting business rankings.
Job Seekers to Job Creators
Transitioning from job seekers to job creators, focusing on vocational training and entrepreneurship to address unemployment.
Regulatory Cholesterol
Excessive regulation that is detrimental to the economy, similar to how too much cholesterol is harmful to the human body. For example, EPF and IDA are termed as regulatory cholesterol.
4S Framework
Sampannata (enrichment through inflation control and loans), Surakshit Bhavishya (securing a healthy future with affordable healthcare and education), Shreshta Jeevan (better life with quality infrastructure), Saralta (hassle-free existence through Digital India).
Good Jobs
Characteristics of good jobs include being formal and productive, providing value for money, contributing to social transformation, and supporting export and growth.
Cross-Fertilization
Importing and mixing ideas from different sources to produce better products and services. For example, adopting technology from another industry.
Bang for the Buck
Refers to the worth of one’s money or effort.
Cross-Subsidization
Charging higher prices to one group of consumers to lower prices for another group.
CASA - IDS
SDG11: Connectivity, Affordable, Safe, Amenities, Inclusive, Disaster Resilient, related to housing.
PURA
Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas by developing urban infrastructure and services in rural hubs to create economic opportunities outside cities.
Manufacturing Consent
Manipulating public opinion to support desired outcomes, often through selective information. For example, presenting partial data to influence decision-making.
Big Ticket Reforms
Expensive and significant reforms.
Gig Workers
Workers outside traditional employer-employee relationships, such as freelancers.
Job Seekers into Job Creators
Encouraging individuals to create their own job opportunities through entrepreneurship.
Platform Workers
Workers who provide services through online platforms, earning money by offering specific services.
Crop Diversification and Sustainable Farming
Adding new crops or systems to agricultural production to reduce risk and ensure sustainability, addressing climate change challenges.
Milletpreneurs
Entrepreneurs focusing on building businesses around millets, with efforts to market and make them
Agri-Technology Innovations
Innovations to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Inclusive Growth
Economic growth that benefits all sections of society, focusing on reducing inequalities.
Enhancing Productivity
Improving the efficiency and output of various sectors, particularly agriculture.
Atmanirbhar Bharat
India’s initiative towards self-reliance and reducing dependence on imports.
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Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)
Refers to the net increase in physical assets (investment minus disposals). It does not account for depreciation. GFCF declined from 34.3% in 2011 to 28.8% in 2018.
Long Term Financing Landscape
Involves financial resources advanced for more than a year, using mechanisms like loan securitization and Infrastructure Development Funds (IDFs). Rising NPAs affect long-term lending.
Account Aggregators (AA)
Approved by RBI in 2016, these NBFCs facilitate the transfer of user financial data with explicit consent, providing a consolidated view of accounts for better decision-making.
Fiscal Room to Banks
Non-maintenance of CRR on loans to auto, housing, and MSME sectors encourages banks to lend more and generate economic multiplier effects.
Monetary Policy Transmission
The effect of changes in RBI rates on the lending rates of scheduled banks, impacting monetary policy outcomes.
Revitalizing Asset Monetization
Example: Government approved monetization of POWERGRID assets using InvIT model to fund new and ongoing capital projects.
Debt to GDP Ratio
Ratio of a country’s public debt to GDP, indicating the ability to repay debts. E.g., IMF projected India’s ratio at 89.3% in 2020.
Structured Early Intervention Mechanism
Prompt Corrective Action Framework by RBI (2002) for banks with poor asset quality or rising NPAs.
Differential Licensing System
Licensing system that provides different licenses, e.g., Small Finance Banks and Payments Banks under differential licensing.
Secured Creditors
Lenders with credit backed by security/mortgage, such as loans against property.
Fiscal Repression of Commercial Banks
When government borrowing forces Public Sector Banks to purchase more Government Securities, reducing capital availability for private sector and affecting profitability.
Crowding Out Effect
Increased government borrowing crowds out funds available for private borrowing/investment.
Roll Over Risk
Risk associated with refinancing debt, where new loans may have higher interest rates than the old ones.
Correlated Asset Risk
Risk faced by Urban Co-operative Banks where a significant local problem can lead to failures in single branch banks.
Eroding Credit Culture
Decline in the values, beliefs, and behaviors related to credit within a lending institution.
Hair Cut Losses
Refers to the lower-than-market value placed on an asset used as collateral for a loan.
Digital Finance Infrastructure
Examples include UPI and AePS transactions, showcasing the role of digital finance in making direct transfers and financial assistance available.
Deepening of Financial Markets/Financial Inclusion
NSFI aims to provide affordable access to formal financial services, broadening financial inclusion and promoting literacy and consumer protection.
Decentralized Localism
Creating systems that emphasize local brands, capacity-building, and indigenization.
Convergence of Action
National Strategy of Financial Inclusion focuses on broadening reach and sustaining efforts through coordinated actions among all stakeholders.
Digital Divide
The gap between demographics or regions with access to modern information and communication technology and those without.
Surveillance Capitalism
Economic system focused on commodifying personal data for profit-making purposes.
Digitalization
Process of using digital technologies to transform business models and create new revenue and value opportunities.
Deluge of Data/Colossal Quantity of Data
Overwhelming amount of new data being generated, surpassing institutions’ capacity to manage it.
Eco Chambers (Social Media)
Situations where beliefs are amplified and reinforced within closed systems, insulated from rebuttal.
Digital Footprints
Data trail created while using the internet, including websites visited, emails sent, and information submitted to online services.
Data as Public Good
Concept from Economic Survey 2018-2019 describing data as “Of the People, By the People, For the People.”
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Data Democratization
Ensures that everyone has access to data without gatekeepers creating bottlenecks at the gateway to data.
3Ss: Speed, Simplicity, and Service
Modi’s concept that technology empowers the less empowered by combining speed, simplicity, and service.
Coherent Data Ecosystem
Data is published using shared standards for common indicators. For example, Indian ITeS companies process health data from various countries.
Debt-Creating Financial Instruments
Assets used to raise capital or generate investment income, such as bonds and government securities (G-Sec).
Held to Maturity (HTM)
Securities purchased to be held until maturity. Different accounting treatments apply compared to securities intended for short-term liquidation.
Short-Term Debt
Debt maturing within the next 12 months, including 14-day treasury bills, regular treasury bills, dated securities, and external debt with less than one year remaining maturity.
Treasury Bills
Discounted instruments issued by the government to manage short-term cash flow mismatches, with tenors of 91, 182, and 364 days.
Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs)
Securities with variable coupon rates. For example, the Floating Rate Saving Bond 2020 scheme.
Yield Differential
Differences in yields between different securities. For instance, 10-year Government of India bonds yielding 5.8% versus 1-year bonds yielding 3.8%.
Securitization
Process of converting assets into securities that can be bought and sold in financial markets.
Liquidity Crunch
Shortage of money supply in the market affecting businesses and industries.
De minimis Level
Agreements on Agriculture set subsidies at 10% for developing countries.
Due Restraint/Peace Clause
Article 13 of Agreements on Agriculture temporarily shields countries providing domestic support measures from WTO challenges.
Currency or Foreign Exchange Risk
Vulnerability of the debt portfolio to depreciation of the domestic currency relative to the currency of external loans, increasing debt servicing costs.
Exchange Rate Risk
Reduced demand for domestic securities relative to foreign securities due to poor credit rating may weaken the domestic currency.
Voluntary Retention Route
Allows investors easier rules in exchange for a commitment to remain invested for a longer period, encouraging long-term investments in Indian debt markets.
Certificate of Origin
Instrument that establishes the origin of goods imported into a country, essential for exporters to prove where their goods come from.
Multi-Layered Transactions
Guidelines to check the transfer of ownership through multi-layered transactions of FDIs in India to restricted parties.
TRIPS Flexibilities
Policy spaces within TRIPS to mitigate the impact of patents, especially during emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Buy National” Policies
Policies aimed at adjusting the balance of payments with specific countries and saving foreign exchange.
Local Content Requirement (LCR)
Requirement to add locally manufactured materials to a product. For example, India’s LCR clause in solar panel manufacturing was contested in WTO.
Treatment of Investments
Provision in the Model Bilateral Investment Treaty prohibiting measures that violate customary international law for foreign investments.
Hub and Spoke Model/Cluster-Based Approach
A system where local centers connect to a central head center, like the hub and spoke model for mega food parks.
Infrastructure Asset Recycling
Monetization of existing public assets through sale or lease to the private sector, with proceeds reinvested in new infrastructure.
Landlord Model
Publicly governed port authority acts as a regulatory body and landlord, while private companies handle operations, such as cargo handling. Example: Vadhavan port.
Service Port Model
Port authority owns land and assets, performs all regulatory and port functions. The port trust is both landlord and cargo terminal operator.
Supply Chain Fragility
Example: COVID-19 disrupted supply chains, slowing the economy due to lack of supply.
Rationalized Coal Linkages
Aimed to reduce transportation distance from coal mines to consumers, easing the load on transportation infrastructure.
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RSS3E
Refers to Reliable, Safe, Sustainable, Efficient, Environment-Friendly, and Economic attributes related to transport.
HIRA
Focus on development projects in the North-East region based on Highways, Inland waterways, Railways, Airways (according to NITI Aayog).
SAHI
Future of mobility should be Safe, Adequate, Healthy, Infrastructure according to recommendations from the Global Mobility Summit.
Jungle of Tariffs
Refers to the complex and untidy array of tariffs.
Last Mile Connectivity
Getting people from transportation hubs like railway stations or metro stations to their final destination. Example: e-rickshaws from home to metro station.
Build-Neglect-Rebuild
If maintenance is neglected from the start, a project will become dysfunctional and need to be restarted.
Transport Divide
Unequal access to transportation, also known as transport exclusion, disadvantage, or deprivation.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Urban development that maximizes residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. Aims to increase public transport use and promote sustainable growth.
EASE
Enhancing Access and Service Excellence.
Reverse Bundling
High-cost thermal power is bundled with cheaper renewable energy to provide round-the-clock supply to DISCOMs, promoting renewable energy in a market-driven manner.
Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs)
Compulsory for large energy consumers to ensure a certain percentage of energy is from renewable sources, boosting the renewable sector.
Must Run Status
A status that requires power plants to supply electricity to the grid under all conditions. Renewable power plants have this status, but issues with power generation prediction can lead to curtailment.
Energy Efficiency
Using less energy to provide the same service. Example: Compact fluorescent bulbs use less energy compared to traditional incandescent bulbs.
Effective Energy Transition
Transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable sources.
Gate Closure
The point at which trading bids in the real-time market cannot be modified for a specified delivery period.
Issues of Intermittency
Irregularity in energy generation from renewable sources.
24x7 Power for All
Objective to provide continuous power supply to all households, industries, commercial businesses, public needs, and agriculture.
From Annadata to Urjadata
Concept that farmers should be recognized not only as food producers (‘annadata’) but also as energy producers (‘urjadata’).
MSME “Silent Engine for Growth”
MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) are characterized by low investment requirements, operational flexibility, and capacity to develop indigenous technology.
Premature Deindustrialization
The phenomenon where countries lose manufacturing jobs before becoming wealthy, leading to underdevelopment of the manufacturing sector.
4th Industrial Revolution
Ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing using modern smart technologies, such as IoT (Internet of Things).
Sunset Industry
An industry in decline or that has passed its peak, often protected for employment reasons.
Sunrise Industry
A new or rapidly growing industry expected to become important in the future, such as hydrogen fuel production or food processing.
Footloose Industry
Industry that can be located anywhere without being affected by factors of production. Examples include diamonds and computer chips.
MSME Darwinism
Refusal to expand an enterprise to avail benefits meant for smaller enterprises, leading to remaining small to avoid compliance with labor laws.
Mom & Pop Shops
Small, family-owned or independent businesses, like bookstores or restaurants.
Empowering through Enterprise
Encouraging individuals to start their own businesses and earn a livelihood.
Membership Based Employment
A Japanese concept where employees become members of a company and try different job types before settling on the most suitable role.
Utility Death Spiral
Scenario where increased use of solar cells reduces demand for grid electricity, leading to higher prices and more people shifting to solar cells.
Zero: Emission, Defect, Incident
Smart manufacturing principles aiming for zero emissions, defects, and incidents.
Cane Reservation Area
Area where sugar mills are required to purchase sugarcane from local farmers, who are bound to sell to that mill.
Mechanical Inefficiency
Outdated technology and poor industry-farm linkages reduce the efficiency of sugar production.
Captive Mining
Mining coal for a company’s own use (e.g., steel production or power generation) without selling it in the market.
Integrated Value Chain
Involves food processing and necessary forward and backward linkages to the value chain.
MSME- Bane of Dwarfism
MSMEs avoiding growth into larger enterprises to benefit from smaller enterprise advantages.
Animal Spirits
The influence of human emotion on financial decision-making in uncertain or volatile times.
Reform, Perform, and Transform
The principle guiding improvements in Ease of Doing Business, as articulated by PM.
Term
Description
Yellow Journalism
Sensationalist news with little legitimate content, often using eye-catching headlines. Example: Fake news.
Presstitute
Journalists who provide biased and predetermined views. Example: Politically motivated news by anchors.
Revolving Door Arrests
Frequent arrests and releases to manage a situation temporarily.
Ethnic Cleansing
Mass expulsion or killing of a particular ethnic or religious group. Example: Rohingya expulsion from Myanmar.
Demilitarized Zone
An area where military activities are prohibited. Example: The DMZ in Korea.
Underhand Censorship
Self-imposed censorship by media to avoid propaganda and fulfill national duties.
Adverse List
List of individuals under special notice for illicit activities. Example: Removal of Indian-origin Sikhs from the list post-Anti Sikh Riots.
Youth Radicalization
Youth adopting extreme political, social, or religious ideals that challenge the status quo.
Cryptographic Protocols
Security protocols applying cryptographic methods to secure communications.
Bleeding Edge Technology
Extremely new technologies that may be unreliable and expensive.
Cyber Deterrence
Strategies to prevent cyber threats, including legal actions and making networks resilient.
Trophy Attacks
Terrorist attacks designed to create fear and enhance the legitimacy of a terror group. Example: 26/11 Mumbai attacks.
Lone Wolf Attacks
Violent acts committed by individuals acting alone, without group assistance. Example: French school teacher beheading.
Paramilitary Panacea
Deployment of central paramilitary forces to handle local disturbances.
Trigger Happy Culture
Readiness to use firearms at the slightest provocation. Example: Shootouts in Delhi.
Triple Threats
Combination of terrorism, communalism, and extremism.
Sundarji Doctrine
India’s defense strategy till 2001: Defensive forces on the border and offensive forces in central India.
Cold Start Doctrine
Offensive forces on the border and defensive forces in central India.
Social Engineering
Malicious activities involving psychological manipulation to trick users into making security mistakes.
Cyber Bullying
Offensive or harassing behavior through technology.
Tukde Tukde Gang
Derogatory term for media figures spreading malicious narratives.
Grid Border Protection
Modernizing border security from linear to grid-based protection.
One-Force-One-Border Principle
Each border should have a single controlling force for security.
Same Language Subtitling
Practice of providing subtitles in the same language to enhance media accessibility and literacy. Example: Turn-On-Subtitles in UK children’s programming.
Terrorism Related
Approaches to dealing with terrorism, including zero-tolerance and managing lone wolf attacks.
Urban Terrorism
Terrorism targeting urban areas and populations.
Hot Pursuit
Right to pursue a foreign vessel violating laws within territorial boundaries.
Lax Gun Control Regime
Weak gun control laws contributing to mass-casualty attacks.
Red Herring
Distraction or misleading argument used to divert attention. Example: Facebook’s privacy concerns as a distraction from data commercialization.
Cryptographic Protocols
Use of cryptographic methods in technologies like blockchain for security.
No First Use Doctrine
Policy of using nuclear weapons only in retaliation to a nuclear attack.
Prohibited Online and Illegal Content
Content that is illegal or offensive, such as obscene material and pirated content.
Counter-Narratives
Positive messages designed to counter extremist propaganda.
Prison Issues
Problems in prisons including overcrowding, understaffing, and underfunding.
Identity Theft
Criminal access to personal information for financial gain or other benefits.
Community Policing
Collaborative approach between police and community to prevent and address local crime.
Maritime Domain Awareness and UDA
Security measures for maritime and underwater domains.
Resolute and Irreversible Action
Firm actions against terrorism, focusing on effective denial operations.
Governance Deficit
Lack of effective governance leading to security issues.
Salwa Judum
Peace campaign in Chhattisgarh, often linked to controversy.
Environment of Intimidation
Creation of an atmosphere of fear and censorship for critical journalists.
Fifth Domain of Warfare
Cyber space as a domain of warfare.
Militarization and Weaponization of Cyber Space
Threats posed by military and weaponization of cyber space.
Sealed Cover Jurisprudence
Legal practice of keeping sensitive materials undisclosed.
High Altitude Warfare
Warfare conducted in high-altitude environments, requiring specialized training and infrastructure.
Developmental Loneliness
Feeling of isolation due to slower personal development compared to peers.
Disinformation Malaise
Negative impact of false information spread via social media.
Cyber Deterrence
Strategies to prevent cyber attacks by influencing adversaries’ behavior.
Early Childhood Indoctrination
Process of influencing children’s ideologies from an early age.
Strategic De-Radicalization
Efforts to counteract radicalization and extremism.
Clear, Hold and Develop Strategy
Approach to dealing with extremism by clearing areas of extremism, holding control, and developing the region.
Jal-Jangal-Jameen Issues
Issues related to tribal communities’ relationships with nature, disrupted by development.
Effective Ear and Eyes Scheme
Involving citizens in counter-terrorism efforts through vigilance.
SAMADHAN
Framework for addressing internal security issues: Smart leadership, aggressive strategy, motivation and training, actionable intelligence, KPIs, harnessing technology, action plan for theater, and no access to finance.
Urban Naxals
Activists in urban areas supporting Naxalite ideologies.
Ethnicity, Economic Development, and Elections
Factors contributing to militancy in North-East India.
Zero-Day Vulnerability
Software vulnerability discovered by attackers before the vendor is aware.
Cyber Espionage
Unauthorized access to sensitive data for economic or political gain.
Honey Trapping
Use of romantic or sexual relationships for espionage or monetary purposes.
Cyber Hacktivists
Individuals who hack systems to promote specific campaigns.
Cyber Hygiene
Practices for maintaining cybersecurity, such as regular updates and password changes.
Information Superiority
Achieving a superior position in managing and countering social media misuse.
4D Principle for Cyber Security
Cybersecurity strategies: Deter, Detect, Destroy, and Document.
Radicalization in Prisons
Spread of extreme ideologies within prison environments.
SMART Police
Effective police qualities: Strict, sensitive, modern, mobile, alert, accountable, reliable, responsive, techno-savvy, and trained.
Ek Bharat, Shreshta Bharat
Initiative for strengthening cultural connections between different regions of India.
Others
Concepts such as risk-informed approaches, hyper-information age, knee-jerk responses, Hammer and Tongs strategy, Winning Hearts and Minds (WHAM), strategic courage, synthetic media, and clickbait journalism.
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Disaster Management
Example, very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been more. It was reduced due to early warning and relocation of the population from the cyclone-hit areas. While very severe cyclone Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC)
The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) outlined in the UNFCCC, recognises that countries (known as Parties) have different duties and abilities to address the negative impacts of climate change, but all countries have an obligation to address climate change.
Build Back Better
Sendai Framework is enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Precautionary Principles
According to the principle, authorities must take precautionary measures when stakes are high, despite when scientific evidence about the expected event being harmful is not yet certain. E.g. The aggressive methods to halt the virus by suspending mobility are examples of a strategy known as the ‘precautionary principle’.
Three Variables of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
Capability, Capacity and Credibility
Public Trust Doctrine
Public Trust Doctrine primarily rests on the principle that certain resources like air, sea, waters and forests have such great importance to the people as a whole that it would be unjustified to make them a subject of private ownership.
5Ps (SDGs)
People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. The 5 Ps highlight how the SDGs are an intertwined framework instead of a group of siloed goals.
Intergenerational Equity
The principle of intergenerational equity assumes that natural resources are a common in which the stake of future generations must be secured. E.g. National Mineral Policy 2019 introduces the concept of intergenerational equity that deals with the well-being not only of the present generation and also of the generations to come.
Absolute Liability Principle
Under it, a party/company in a hazardous industry cannot claim any exemption. It has to mandatorily pay compensation, whether or not the disaster was caused by its negligence.
Global Stocktaking
It refers to a proposed five-yearly review of the impact of countries’ climate change actions. Under the Paris Agreement, every country must present a climate action plan in five-yearly cycles. It is supposed to be similar to the plan countries submitted in the run-up to the talks that concluded last week.
Waste to Energy (Kachre se Kanchan), Waste to Wealth
A waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste plant converts municipal and industrial solid waste into electricity and/or heat for industrial processing.
Climate Apartheid
World is increasingly at risk of “climate apartheid”, where rich pay to escape heat & hunger caused by escalating climate crisis while rest of the world suffers.
From Climate Disaster to Climate Opportunity
Climate opportunity refers to potential for economic, social and environmental benefits that can arise from taking action to address climate change.
Historical Injustice
E.g. USA being highest polluter of history has pulled out itself from Paris Climate deal and refused to provide help to poor countries.
Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet, Profit
A key approach buzzing in the corporate responsibility ecosphere to measure the socio-ecological impact of a company’s operations is the ‘Triple Bottom Line’ or TBL approach to sustainability.
Small Is Beautiful
Small Is Beautiful idea argued that capitalism brought higher living standards at the cost of deteriorating culture. The belief that natural resources should be conserved led to conclude that bigness—in particular, large industries and large cities—would lead to the depletion of those resources.
Tragedy of Commons
When a resource, available to all, is exploited by individuals acting in their own self-interest, leads to resource’s depletion.
Polluter Pays Principle
Polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment.
Green Infrastructure than Grey Infrastructure
People often don’t think of forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and other natural ecosystems as forms of infrastructure, but they should. Forests, for instance, can prevent silt and pollutants from entering streams that supply freshwater to downstream cities and businesses. They can act as natural water filtration plants. As such, they are a form of “green infrastructure” that can serve the same function as “gray infrastructure,” the human-engineered solutions that often involve concrete and steel.
Climate Diplomacy
Climate diplomacy is practice and process of creating international climate change regime and ensuring its effective operation. E.g. India has tried to prove its leadership role in the Climate Domain by launching International Solar Alliance (ISA) in 2015, a flagship for India’s enhanced climate engagement.
Greenwashing
False and misleading action by organization about their product impact on the environment.
Right to Prosperity
Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming as an ethical and political issue, rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature. Climate justice is important because if all the countries share the responsibility equally, then developing countries would be paying an unjust amount of price for none of their fault.
Concrete Jungle
As metaphor, “Concrete Jungle” evokes worst aspects of modern urban life. Cold structures of concrete and steel, with manmade towers casting earth into shadow by blocking out the sun.
Not A Mirage of Hope but Goal with Definite
PM Modi in UNGA Summit held that “We are focusing on the basics: housing, power, water and sanitation for all – important not just for welfare, but also human dignity. These are goals with a definite date, not just a mirage of hope.”
Green Politics
Green politics are a set of political ideologies and social movements which places a high importance on ecological and environmental goals, and on achieving these goals through broad-based, grassroots, participatory democracy.
Climate Refugees
Climate refugees are a subset of environmental migrants who were forced to flee “due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural environment related to climate change. E.g. Climate refugees can be found all over the world, displaced by coastal flooding in Dhaka, by hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, or due to desertification of Lake Chad in West Africa.
Global Common
Global commons have been traditionally defined as those parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdictions and to which all nations have access. Namely: The high Seas, The atmosphere, Antarctica, The Outer Space.
Flood Management to Flood Governance
868 people have lost their lives to floods in 11 states–MoHA. Focus should shift from relief measures to building resilience in flood-prone areas.
3 Goods at Sustainable Development
Good for You, Good for Planet, Good for Producer
4Gs of Sustainable Development
Green energy, Green growth, Green infrastructure and Green jobs.
Ecology is Permanent Economy
Sundarlal Bahuguna, a famous Gandhian, started Chipko movement also known for coining the Chipko slogan ‘ecology is permanent economy’.
Carbon Offset, Carbon Sequestration
A carbon offset is a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for emissions made elsewhere. Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Next Generation Climate Resilient Infrastructure
Government has invested heavily in forecast technologies, designed & implemented large-scale disaster evacuation strategies and come up SOPS for effective relief operations.
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Shift from Subsistence to Sustainability
Shift from farm to mouth toward sustainable and profitable agriculture.
Greendustrial Development
Use of environmentally friendly and sustainable practices in production of industries.
Water Budgeting
Water budgets at watershed level will inform communities about how much water they have, so it can be equitably shared within communities. Water budgets for river basin will inform communities how much must be left for downstream users, ensuring that water resources are allocated between communities fairly and transparently.
Think Globally. Act Locally
Think globally, act locally urges people to consider health of the entire planet and to take action in own communities and cities.
Culture of Prevention
Socialization and cultural acceptance which help environment preservation. E.g. Baiga tribe, in Kanha-Pench reserve, which worship forest and not even break tree branch.
Extended Producer Responsibility
In the field of waste management, extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a strategy to add all of the environmental costs associated with a product throughout the product life cycle to the market price of that product.
Decarbonization
Process of reducing ‘carbon intensity’, lowering the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Concrete Jungles
With urbanization comes concrete jungle, crowded forest of skyscrapers shrouded in air pollution and filthy rivers.
Climate Environmental Refugees
People who must leave their homes and communities because of the effects of climate change and global warming.
Carbon Space
Carbon space refers to the amount of carbon that can be released into the atmosphere by 2100 so that the rise in global temperature can be capped at 2 degrees Celsius.
Absolute Liability
If any person is engaged in an inherently dangerous or hazardous activity, then the person who is carrying out such activity will be held absolutely liable.
Evolutionary Conversion
This occurs when unrelated species with similar niches and living in comparable environments are subjected to parallel regimes of natural selection, resulting in their evolution to be similar in morphology, physiology, and behaviour.
Cultural Eutrophication
Caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs, usually through sewage dumping or fertilizer runoff. See also eutrophication.
Environmental Citizenship
Actions taken by individuals and families to lessen their impacts on the environment.
Habitat Fragmentation
Climate change also makes wildlife habitats susceptible to disasters and makes ecosystems more prone to fragmentation.
