gs reports Flashcards

Question 1

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Question 2

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Global Economic Prospects (GEP) 2023 Report by World Bank

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Indian economic growth is projected to slow from 8.7% in FY2021/22 to 6.9% in FY2022/23. - Indian economy is expected to grow at 6.6% in fiscal year 2023-24. - India is expected to be the fastest-growing economy of the seven largest developing economies (EMDEs). - Global economy is to grow by 1.7% in 2023 and 2.7% in 2024.

Question 3

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World Economic Situation and Prospects 2023 by UN DESA

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India will grow at 6.7% in 2024, fastest-growing major economy in world. - Growth in India is expected to remain strong at 5.8%, albeit slightly lower than the estimated 6.4% in 2022. - India’s inflation is expected to decelerate to 5.5% in 2023 as slower currency depreciation eases imported inflation. - World’s average inflation rate was at 9% in 2022.

Question 4

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World Investment Report 2023 (UNCTAD)

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India and ASEAN were the most resilient destinations, with FDI increases of 10% and 5%, respectively. - FDI inflows were higher in developing countries compared with those in developed economies. - Investment gap across all sectors of SDGs increased to more than $4 trillion per year from $2.5 trillion in 2015.

Question 5

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Global Investment Trend Monitor Report 2022 (UNCTAD)

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FDI flows to India decreased by 26% because large M&A deals recorded in 2020 were not repeated. - FDI flows across developing economies increased by 30%. It reached around USD 870 billion. In East and South-East Asia, growth accelerated by 20%.

Question 6

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Global Wage Report 2022-23 by ILO

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Global wages were reduced in 2022 for the first time since 2008. - Lower-income countries have especially been hit because of significant loss in wages during the COVID-19 pandemic. - United States, United Kingdom, Spain, South Korea, Bulgaria and Spain are some countries that witnessed a fall in the minimum wages. - The average wages of advanced G20 countries is 4,000 USD per month and for emerging G20 countries, it is 1,800 per month.

Question 7

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World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2023 - ILO

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Global employment will increase by only 1 percent in the year 2023. The global unemployment rate has been estimated at 5.8 percent. - In the year 2022, the labor force participation rate of women was 47.4 percent, while the participation of men was 72.3 percent. - Annual employment growth is estimated to be around 1% in Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean.

Question 8

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World Migration Report 2022 – International Organization for Migration

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The number of international migrants has grown from 84 million globally in 1970 to 281 million in 2020. - Asia reported the largest displacement due to disasters. - India reported 4 mn new displacements due to disasters. - Mostly new displacement is triggered by climate-related events and disasters like storms, extreme temperature, drought etc.

Question 9

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Migration and Development Brief

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In India, the largest global recipient, remittances represented only 3.3% of GDP in 2022.

Question 10

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Question 11

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2023 – World Bank

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Almost 36% of India’s remittances are from high-skilled and largely high-tech Indian migrants in the US, United Kingdom, and Singapore. - Remittance inflows from the GCC countries account for about 28% of India’s total remittance inflows. - Top five recipient countries for remittances in 2022 were India ($111 billion), followed by Mexico ($61 billion), China ($51 billion), the Philippines ($38 billion), and Pakistan ($30 billion).

Question 12

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Groundswell Report – World Bank

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Climate change could force 216 million people across six world regions to move within their countries by 2050. - In South Asia, around 1.8% of the population can be internal climate migrants by 2050. - The scale of internal climate migration will be largest in the poorest and most climate-vulnerable regions: Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa. - In South Asia, Bangladesh is particularly affected by flooding and crop failures, accounting for almost half of predicted climate migrants.

Question 13

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State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 Report

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Over 700 million people were facing hunger in the world in 2022. - In 2021, 22.3% (148.1 million) children were stunted, 6.8% (45 million) were wasted, and 5.6% (37 million) were overweight. - Approximately 2.4 billion individuals did not have consistent access to nutritious, safe, and sufficient food in 2022. Suggestions: - Reorientation of food systems to cater to new urban populations and eradicate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. - Integrating humanitarian, development, and peace-building policies in conflict-affected areas. - Scaling up climate resilience across food systems. - Strengthening the resilience of the most vulnerable to economic adversity. - Intervening along food supply chains to lower the cost of nutritious foods. - Tackling poverty and structural inequalities, ensuring interventions are pro-poor and inclusive. - Strengthening food environments and changing consumer behavior to promote dietary patterns with positive impacts on human health and the environment.

Question 14

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Least Developed Countries Report 2021 (UNCTAD)

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LDC group’s GDP per capita was 10% of the global average in 2019. - Only seven LDCs (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Lesotho, Mali, and Myanmar) have continuously outperformed the global average GDP per capita growth rate by more than 1% and so converged to higher-income country standards of living. - Real GDP for LDCs has increased fivefold since 1971. - The analysis showed that budget gaps in health will gradually expand from 6.3% to 11.3% of GDP by 2030; in education, they will increase from 4.2% to 6.6% of GDP by 2030; and in social protection, they will increase from 2% to 8.5% of GDP by 2030.

Question 15

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Commodities at a Glance: Special issue on strategic battery minerals report by UNCTAD

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Rapid growth in demand for rechargeable batteries due to the gradual integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in global transportation. - The sales of electric cars increased by 65% in 2018 from 2017. - The report highlighted that the supply of raw materials to produce rechargeable batteries is uncertain. - Over 60% of the world’s Cobalt is mined in the DRC while over 75% of global Lithium is mined in Australia and Chile.

Question 16

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Mission 2070: A Green New Deal for a Net-Zero India Report – World Economic Forum

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India’s transition towards a green economy could contribute about $1 trillion in economic impact by 2030, which would increase to $15 trillion by 2070. It will create more than 50 million jobs. - The Green New Deal for India will implicate the five sectors that contribute to almost all of GHG emissions: - Energy Sector: It accounts for ~40% of India’s GHG emissions and will require a three-pronged approach: replace fossil fuels with renewables; reduce fossil CO2 emissions from legacy infrastructure; and remove unavoidable carbon emissions by carbon sequestration. - Mobility: It relies heavily on oil. A shift will need a modal mix from road to rail and fuel diversification. - Industry: Iron and steel, cement, and chemicals and fertilizers sectors having the highest CO2 footprint. - Green buildings, infrastructure, and cities: India’s top 25 cities contribute more than 15% of its estimated GHG emissions. - Agriculture: The agriculture sector is the largest contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane emissions.

Question 17

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World Competitiveness Index 2023 - Institute for Management Development (IMD)

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India is ranked at 40th position (43rd position in 2019-21). - Top 3 positions are Denmark, Ireland, and Switzerland. - Key factors that contributed to India’s ranking were exchange rate stability, compensation levels, and advancements in pollution control.

Question 18

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Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation 2023 - UNESCAP

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It places India at the forefront of global trade facilitation efforts with an impressive score of about 93% in 2023. - Perfect scores of 100% in Transparency, Formalities, Institutional Arrangement and Cooperation, and Paperless Trade. - India stands as the best-performing country in the South Asia region, surpassing several developed nations including Canada, France, the UK, and Germany.

Question 19

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Asian Development Outlook 2022 – Asian Development Bank

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India’s GDP growth to moderate to 7.5% in 2022-23 from an estimated 8.9% in 2021-22. - Factors impacting India’s growth: Russia-Ukraine conflict -> higher oil prices, higher public capital spending was expected to improve the efficiency of India’s logistics infrastructure, crowd-in private investment, generate jobs in construction, and sustain growth.

Question 20

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Trade and Development Report 2022 – UNCTAD

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India’s economic growth is to decline to 5.7% from 8.2% in 2021. - India experienced an expansion of 8.2% in 2021, the strongest among G20 countries.

Question 21

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Changing Wealth of Nations Report 2021

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Countries that are depleting their resources in favor of short-term gains are putting their economies on an unsustainable development path. - Low- and middle-income countries saw forest wealth per capita decline 8% from 1995 to 2018, reflecting significant deforestation. - Global wealth inequality is growing.

Question 22

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Question 23

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World Bank Report on Remittance 2022

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Remittance flows to India will rise 12% to reach $100 billion in 2022.

Question 24

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U.S. Priority Watch List for Intellectual Property (IP)

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India, China, Russia, & 4 other countries were added to the US’s annual ‘Priority Watch List’ for intellectual property protection and enforcement. - India was ranked among the top five source countries for fake goods trade by the OECD in 2019. - India had made “meaningful progress” to enhance IP protection and enforcement in some areas in 2019 and had acceded to the WIPO Internet Treaties and the Nice Agreement.

Question 25

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Ease of Doing Business Rankings 2020 by World Bank

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India moves to 63rd slot from 77 last year, among 190 nations. - Recognized India as one of the top 10 improvers for the 3rd consecutive year. - India continues to maintain its first position among South Asian countries. - Recovery rate under resolving insolvency has improved significantly from 26.5% to 71.6%. The time taken for resolving insolvency has also come down significantly from 4.3 years to 1.6 years.

Question 26

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Global Wealth Report 2022

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Global wealth up 9.8% YoY at $463.6 trillion in 2021. - Wealth per adult grew by $6,800 (8.4%) to reach $87,489, close to three times the level recorded at the turn of the century. - The richest 1% of the global population increased their share of all the world’s wealth for the 2nd year running to 46%, up from 44% in 2020.

Question 27

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Human Capital Index (HCI) 2020 by World Bank

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Impact of Pandemic: - More than 1 billion children have been out of school and could lose out, on average, half a year of schooling. - Estimation of a 12% drop in employment levels. - Impact of COVID-19 on developing countries particularly has been hard and there is the collapse of the formal and informal market.

Question 28

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Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2022 by World Bank

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The world is unlikely to meet the goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030. - 70 million people were plunged into poverty in 2020, the largest one-year increase since global poverty monitoring began in 1990. - An estimated 719 million people subsisted on less than $2.15 a day by the end of 2020.

Question 29

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Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2022 – EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit)

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New York and Singapore emerged as joint-most expensive cities to live in. - In India: Bengaluru (161), Chennai (164), and Ahmedabad (165).

Question 30

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Question 31

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Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023

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Global Data: - 1.1 billion people are acutely multi-dimensionally poor. - Children under 18 years old account for half of MPI-poor people (566 million). - The poverty rate among children is 27.7%, while among adults it is 13.4%. - Sub-Saharan Africa has 534 million poor and South Asia has 389 million. India Specific: - India has more than 230 million people who are poor. - It has halved its global MPI values within 15 years. 415 million Indians escaped poverty between 2005-06 and 2019-21. - The incidence of poverty declined from 55.1% in 2005/2006 to 16.4% in 2019/2021. - Percentage of people who were multi-dimensionally poor and deprived of nutrition decreased from 44.3% in 2005/2006 to 11.8% in 2019/2021. - India progressed in all three deprivation indicators: Health, Education, Standard of Living.

Question 32

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National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023

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Around 13.5 crore (135 million) people moved out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. - Multidimensional poverty decreased from 24.85% in 2015-16 to 14.96% in 2019-21. - The rural areas experienced the fastest decline in poverty, with the poverty rate dropping from 32.59% to 19.28% between 2015-16 and 2019-21. - In urban areas, the poverty rate reduced from 8.65% to 5.27% during the same period. - In terms of the number of MPI poor, Uttar Pradesh saw the largest decline in the number of poor individuals, with 3.43 crore (34.3 million) people escaping multidimensional poverty. - MPI value halved from 0.117 to 0.066 between 2015-16 and 2019-21.

Question 33

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Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2022

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India ranked 107 out of 121 countries. - India’s child wasting rate at 19.3% is worse than earlier levels recorded in 2014 (15.1%) and 2000 (17.15%) and is the highest for any country in the world. - Undernourishment risen in India from 14.6% in 2018-2020 to 16.3% in 2019-2021. - India fares worse than all South Asian countries. - Child stunting declined from 38.7% to 35.5% between 2014 and 2022. - Child mortality dropped from 4.6% to 3.3% between 2014 and 2022. Global Scenario: - Top rankings dominated by European nations including Croatia, Estonia, and Montenegro. - Yemen lies at the lowest position (121). - In Asia, only China and Kuwait are ranked at the top of the list.

Question 34

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Global Nutrition Report 2021

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Anaemia: Over half of Indian women in the age group 15-49 years are anaemic. - Children wasting: Over 17% of Indian children under 5 years of age are affected. India is also among 23 countries that have made no progress or are worsening on reducing ‘childhood wasting’. - Obesity: Around 6.2% of adult women and 3.5% of adult men are living with obesity in the country. - Stunting: India is among 53 countries ‘on course’ to meet the target for stunting. But over 34% of children under 5 years of age are still affected. - Overweight: The country is also among 105 countries that are ‘on course’ to meet the target for ‘childhood overweight’. Some 58% of infants in the age group 0-5 months are exclusively breastfed in India.

Question 35

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Global Report on Food Crises 2023 - Global Network Against Food Crises

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Between 691 million and 783 million people experienced hunger in 2022. - The number of individuals lacking adequate access to food reached 2.4 billion in 2022. - The prevalence of undernourishment rose to 9.2% of the global population in 2022. - Stunting declined from 204.2 million in 2000 to 148.1 million in 2022. - Child wasting shown a decline from 54.1 million in 2000 to 45 million in 2022. - A slight non-significant increase in child overweight or obesity, rising from 5.3% (33 million) in 2000 to 5.6% (37 million) in 2022. - 3.2 billion people worldwide could not afford a healthy diet in 2020.

Question 36

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Global Food Security Index 2022

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India is ranked at 68th position along with Algeria with an overall score of 58.9. - In 2022, 8 of the top 10 performing countries are in Europe, with Finland topping the list with a score of 83.7. - South Africa, at the 59th position, was recognized as the most food-secure country in Africa.

Question 37

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Gender, Climate & Security: Sustaining Inclusive Peace on the Frontlines of Climate Change Report by UNEP

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Case Studies Discussed in Report: - In northern Nigeria, norms of masculinity and desire to protect family wealth are intensifying inter-communal farmer-herder conflicts and motivating young men to join armed groups like Boko Haram, as climate change impacts destroy natural resource-based livelihoods. - In Papua and West Papua, Indonesia, indigenous women have been disproportionately affected by the impacts of land degradation from extractive industries, which have been exacerbated by a changing climate. - In urban Pakistan, women have experienced domestic violence for failing to manage households with depleting water supplies due to climate change. - In western Nepal, degraded livelihoods have increased the migration of seasonal workers – mostly men – to neighboring India or to urban areas. Women have higher levels of insecurity as the sole providers for their families.

Question 38

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Question 39

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State of the World Population Report 2023

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India’s population is expected to reach 1.4286 billion by July 2023, slightly surpassing China’s 1.4257 billion. - India’s total fertility rate is estimated at 2, lower than the world average of 2.3. - Average life expectancy: 71 years for males and 74 years for females. - Adolescent birth rate is 11 per 1,000 girls aged 15–19; 23% of girls are married before age 18.

Question 40

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World Inequality Report 2022 – World Inequality Lab

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The poorest half of the global population holds just 2% of total wealth, while the richest 10% own 76%. - Women’s share of total income from labor increased from 30% in 1990 to less than 35% now. - Countries have become richer, but governments poorer. - China has seen the largest increase in private wealth. India Specific: - Private wealth in India rose from 290% in 1980 to 560% in 2020. - The top 1% hold over 20% of national income, while the bottom half hold 13%. - LPG reforms benefited the top 1%. - India’s female labor income share is 18%, lower than Asia’s average of 21% (excluding China). - India is a low carbon emitter, with per capita CO2e just over 2.

Question 41

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State of Inequality in India Report 2022 – Institute for Competitiveness

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Wealth concentration doesn’t reflect changes in purchasing capacity. - A monthly salary of Rs 25,000 places one in the top 10% of incomes. - Top 1% account for 6-7% of total incomes; top 10% account for one-third. - Highest percentage of self-employed workers is in the lowest income categories. - Unemployment rate: 4.8% (2019-20); worker population ratio: 46.8%. - Health infrastructure improved, with health centers increasing from 1,72,608 in 2005 to 1,85,505 in 2020. - Significant improvements in education and sanitation. - Urban areas have 44.4% wealth concentration in the highest quintile compared to 7.1% in rural areas.

Question 42

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Inequality Virus Report by Oxfam

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Indian billionaires’ wealth increased by 35% during the lockdown. - The wealth of the top 11 billionaires could sustain MGNREGS or Health Ministry for 10 years. Sector Specific Inequality: - Health: 6% of the population lived in inadequate housing for COVID-19 protocols. - Education: 32 crore students affected by school closures, with 84% in rural areas and 70% in government schools. - Gender: Unemployment among women rose by 15% from 18% pre-lockdown; could lead to an 8% GDP loss. Suggestions/Recommendations: - Reintroduce wealth tax and a COVID-19 cess on high incomes. - Estimated wealth tax on top 954 families could raise 1% of GDP.

Question 43

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Inequality Kills: The Unparalleled Action Needed to Combat Inequality in the Wake of COVID-19 – Oxfam

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160 million people became poor during the pandemic; the top 10 people doubled their fortunes. - Emergency spending inflated stock prices, increasing billionaires’ wealth by $5 trillion. - Extreme inequality contributes to 21,000 deaths daily. - Inequality impacts women, Dalits in India, Blacks in the US, and indigenous groups worldwide. - 13 million women have not returned to the workforce; 20 million girls at risk of losing education. - Gender equality setback could take 135 years to correct. - The wealthiest 1% are responsible for twice as many emissions as the poorest 50%. Suggestions: - Implement solidarity taxes on billionaires; cancel tax havens; progressive taxation on corporations. - Redirect regained wealth towards income safety nets, universal healthcare, green technologies, and women’s protection. - Strengthen workers’ unions, political representation of marginalized groups, and human rights. India Specific: - 84% of households saw income decline; number of billionaires increased from 102 to 142. - Healthcare budget declined by 10% and education allocation by 6%; social security schemes’ share dropped from 1.5% to 0.6%. - Collective wealth of 100 richest people reached Rs 57.3 lakh crore ($775 billion); bottom 50% held only 6% of national wealth. - India has the 3rd highest number of billionaires, after China and the US, with a 39% increase in 2021. - A significant portion of the wealth increase was attributed to a single business house – the Adanis. - Increase in indirect taxes and reduction in corporate tax contributed to the fiscal deficit.

Question 44

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India Inequality Report 2022: India’s Unequal Healthcare Story – Oxfam

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Only one-third of internet users in India are women. - Internet usage: 31% in rural areas vs. 67% in urban areas. - Highest internet penetration in Maharashtra; lowest in Bihar. - Sikhs have the highest likelihood of computer ownership, followed by Christians, Hindus, and Muslims.

Question 45

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Question 46

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State of the World Population Report 2023

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India’s population projected to reach 1.4286 billion, surpassing China. - Total fertility rate: 2 (below global average of 2.3). - Life expectancy: 71 years (males), 74 years (females). - Adolescent birth rate: 11 per 1,000 girls aged 15–19.

Question 47

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World Inequality Report 2022

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Richest 10% own 76% of global wealth; poorest half own 2%. - Top 1% earn 6-7% of total income; top 10% earn one-third. - Wealth concentration: Urban (44.4%) vs. Rural (7.1%). - Unemployment rate: 4.8%.

Question 48

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State of Inequality in India Report 2022

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(Not specifically detailed in the global context) - Wealth concentration is higher in urban areas. - Worker population ratio: 46.8%.

Question 49

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Inequality Virus Report by Oxfam

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Indian billionaires’ wealth increased by 35% during the pandemic. - Calls for solidarity taxes, end of tax havens, and investments in green technologies and social safety nets.

Question 50

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Inequality Kills Report by Oxfam

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160 million fell into poverty due to the pandemic. - (Not specifically detailed in the Indian context)

Question 51

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Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report 2021

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10.6 million diagnosed with TB in 2021; 187,000 also had HIV. - India accounts for 28% of global TB cases. - TB incidence: 210 per 100,000 population in 2021 (down from 256 in 2015).

Question 52

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Pneumonia and Diarrhea Progress Report

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Pneumonia and diarrhea cause over 1.22 million deaths annually. - 70% of deaths occur in 15 countries. - 90% vaccine coverage for key vaccines achieved in India. - 51% ORS treatment for diarrhea; 20% zinc coverage.

Question 53

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WHO World Malaria Report 2022

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247 million malaria cases in 2021; slight increase from previous years. - 5 high-burden countries saw a decline in deaths.

Question 54

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Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS-4) India

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1/5th of students aged 13-15 use tobacco products. - Highest tobacco use in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram; lowest in Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka. - Prevalence of tobacco use among boys: 9.6%, girls: 7.4%. - 2 in 10 smokers tried to quit; 29.5% exposed to second-hand smoke.

Question 55

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Global Trans-Fat Elimination Report - WHO

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43 countries have best-practice trans-fat policies. - 57 countries have mandatory TFA policies. - India became the first lower-middle-income country to implement a best-practice policy.

Question 56

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Global Health Estimates 2019 by WHO

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Non-communicable diseases dominate top 10 causes of death. - Deaths from diabetes increased by 70% from 2000 to 2019.

Question 57

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State of Global Learning Poverty

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Learning poverty increased by one-third in low- and middle-income countries. - Risks losing $21 trillion in lifetime earnings. - Learning poverty rose from 54% to 70% in India in 2022.

Question 58

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“Beaten or Broken? Informality and COVID-19 in South Asia”

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COVID-19 led to the worst recession in South Asia; 391 million students affected by school closures. - Projected learning loss: 0.5 years.

Question 59

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State of The Education Report for India 2022

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High AI skill penetration rate in India. - AI market projected to reach $7.8 billion by 2025.

Question 60

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Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings 2023

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41 Indian universities ranked; IISc Bengaluru, IIT Bombay, and IIT Delhi in top 200. - IISc Bengaluru (Rank 155), IIT Bombay (Rank 172), IIT Delhi (Rank 174).

Question 61

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Child Labour Report 2020

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160 million children in child labour; agriculture is the largest sector. - Child labour more prevalent in rural areas (14%) vs. urban areas (5%). - Boys more affected than girls.

Question 62

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State of the World’s Children 2023 - UNICEF

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67 million children missed vaccinations between 2019 and 2021. - Measles cases more than doubled in 2022.

Question 63

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Question 64

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The Levels & Trends in Child Mortality Report 2022 by UNICEF

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Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) fell to 38 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021; under-five deaths dropped to 5.0 million. - Over 5.0 million children under age 5, including 2.3 million newborns, and 2.1 million children and youth aged 5 to 24 years died in 2021. - Children in sub-Saharan Africa face the highest risk with a 2021 U5MR of 74 deaths per 1,000 live births, 15 times higher than Europe and Northern America, and 19 times higher than Australia and New Zealand.

Answer 58

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Global: - 10.6 million people diagnosed with TB in 2021, up 4.5% from 2020. - Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) increased by 3% globally. - 187,000 TB deaths were also HIV-positive. - Decline in global spending on essential TB services from US$6 billion in 2019 to US$5.4 billion in 2021. India Specific: - India accounted for 28% of global TB cases and 36% of global TB deaths among HIV-negative people. - TB incidence in India for 2021: 210 per 100,000 population (down from 256 in 2015).

Answer 59

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Global: - Pneumonia and diarrhea cause over 1.22 million deaths annually. - 70% of under-5 deaths occur in 15 countries. - Significant shortfall in reaching SDG targets for preventable deaths. - Health systems globally fall short in providing prevention and treatment services. India Specific: - India has achieved 90% vaccine coverage for Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Measles, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Pneumonia, and rotavirus vaccines. - Completed the “100-day agenda” for rotavirus vaccine. - Failed to reach all four targets for treatment; only 51% of children received ORS for diarrhea, and 20% received zinc.

Answer 60

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Global: - 247 million malaria cases in 2021, up from 245 million in 2020. - Five high-burden countries (including India) recorded a decline in malaria deaths. India Specific: - India is one of the high-burden countries with a recorded decline in malaria deaths.

Answer 61

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1/5th of students aged 13-15 used tobacco products. - Prevalence of tobacco use among boys: 9.6%, girls: 7.4%. - Smoking tobacco prevalence: 7.3%; smokeless tobacco: 4.1%. - Ever use of e-cigarettes: 2.8%. - Highest tobacco use in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram (58% each); lowest in Himachal Pradesh (1.1%) and Karnataka (1.2%). - 2 in 10 smokers tried to quit in the past 12 months; 29.5% exposed to second-hand smoke.

Answer 62

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43 countries have best-practice trans-fat policies, protecting 2.8 billion people. - 57 countries have mandatory TFA policies covering 3.2 billion people; 40 countries have best-practice policies. - India became the first lower-middle-income country to pass a best-practice policy in February 2021.

Answer 63

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Non-communicable diseases make up 7 of the top 10 causes of death. - Deaths from diabetes increased by 70% from 2000 to 2019; 80% rise in deaths among males. - Heart disease is the leading cause of death, responsible for 16% of total deaths.

Answer 64

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Learning poverty increased by one-third in low- and middle-income countries. - This generation risks losing $21 trillion in potential lifetime earnings. - Learning poverty rose from 54% to 70% in India in 2022.

Answer 65

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South Asia faced its worst-ever recession in 2020 due to COVID-19. - 391 million students were kept out of school due to temporary closures. - Projected learning loss: 0.5 years of learning-adjusted years of schooling (LAYS).

Answer 66

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India has the highest AI skill penetration rate (over 3 times the global average). - AI market in India expected to reach US$7.8 billion by 2025 with a 20.2% annual growth rate.

Answer 67

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41 Indian universities ranked; only 27 in the top 1000, 3 in the top 200, and none in the top 100. - IISc Bengaluru (Rank 155), IIT Bombay (Rank 172), and IIT Delhi (Rank 174) among the top 200. - IIT Bombay fell from Rank 117 to Rank 172.

Answer 68

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160 million children in child labour, an increase of 8.4 million in four years. - Progress to end child labour has stalled; 9 million additional children at risk due to COVID-19. - Agriculture sector accounts for 70% of child labour. - Higher prevalence in rural areas (14%) compared to urban areas (5%).

Answer 69

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67 million children missed vaccinations between 2019 and 2021. - Measles cases more than doubled in 2022.

Answer 70

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U5MR globally decreased to 38 per 1,000 live births in 2021. - 5.0 million under-five deaths, including 2.3 million newborns. - Highest risk in Sub-Saharan Africa with U5MR of 74 per 1,000 live births.

Answer 71

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10.6 million diagnosed with TB in 2021, 4.5% increase from 2020. - Drug-resistant TB cases increased by 3%. - India: 28% of global TB cases, 36% of TB deaths among HIV-negative individuals.

Answer 72

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Pneumonia and diarrhea cause over 1.22 million deaths annually. - 70% of deaths in 15 countries. - India achieved high vaccination coverage but failed to meet all treatment targets.

Answer 73

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247 million malaria cases in 2021. - India among countries with decreased malaria-related deaths. - Emissions rebounded in 2021.

Answer 74

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20% of students aged 13-15 use tobacco. - Higher prevalence among boys. - Significant regional variations in tobacco use.

Answer 75

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43 countries with best-practice policies for trans-fats. - India first lower-middle-income country to pass best-practice policy. - 3.2 billion people under mandatory TFA policies.

Answer 76

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703,000 suicides globally in 2019. - Suicide rates higher in Africa, Europe, and South-East Asia. - India has the highest suicide rate in Southeast Asia.

Answer 77

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Learning poverty increased; India’s rate rose from 54% to 70% in 2022. - Risks $21 trillion in potential lifetime earnings loss.

Answer 78

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India has a high AI skill penetration rate. - AI market projected to reach USD 7.8 billion by 2025.

Answer 79

A

41 Indian universities ranked globally. - IISc Bengaluru, IIT Bombay, and IIT Delhi in top 200. - IIT Bombay’s ranking dropped from 117 to 172.

Answer 80

A

160 million children in child labour worldwide. - 70% in agriculture. - Higher prevalence in rural areas.

Answer 81

A

Women’s labor market participation: 47% vs. 74% for men. - Women hold 28% of managerial positions. - Women’s parliamentary representation at 25%.

Answer 82

A

Finland is the happiest country. - India ranked 126th, improving from 136th in 2022. - Below neighboring countries.

Answer 83

A

Conflicts and climate change worsen food insecurity. - Agriculture needs 50% more production by 2050.

Answer 84

A

India’s HDI rank slipped from 130 to 132. - HDI value: 0.633. - Expected years of schooling: 9 years. - GNI per capita: $6,590.

Answer 85

A

Global GHGs continue to rise. - Planet 1.15°C warmer than pre-industrial average. - Significant sea-level rise and glacier ice loss.

Answer 86

A

Falling short of Paris Agreement goals. - Top emitters account for 55% of global GHG emissions. - No credible pathway to limit warming to 1.5°C.

Answer 87

A

India ranked 8th, among top performers in climate change. - Best among G20 countries.

Answer 88

A

India ranked 7th worst-hit country in 2021 (5th in 2020). - 2019 floods caused 1,800 deaths, displaced 1.8 million people. - Economic loss: US $8.1 billion. - Increased heat waves, glacier melting, and cyclone intensity in India.

Answer 89

A

Himalayas, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram contain 60,000 km² of ice. - Black carbon deposits accelerate glacier melting. - 750 million people rely on glacier-fed rivers. - 1.5 to 1.7 billion people in South Asia may face water scarcity by 2050.

Answer 90

A

43% of WMO Members lack adequate interaction between climate services and users. - 3 billion people live in water-stressed countries. - Highest water stress in Northern Africa (109%), Central Asia (80%), Southern Asia (78%). - A quarter of cities experience perennial water shortages.

Answer 91

A

Clean energy investments exceed fossil fuel investments by 70%. - $1.7 allocated to clean energy for every $1 spent on fossil fuels. - 90% of clean energy investment surge is in advanced economies and China.

Answer 92

A

Global energy transition is off-track for 1.5°C pathway. - Deployment must grow from 3,000 GW to over 10,000 GW by 2030. - $1.3 trillion invested in energy transition technologies in 2022; investment needs to exceed $5 trillion annually. - $44 trillion cumulative investment needed by 2030, with $35 trillion for transition technologies.

Answer 93

A

Global Scenario: - CO2 emissions rose by 6% to 36.3 billion tonnes; 33% from China. - Renewables generation reached over 8,000 TWh. - Global methane levels increased by 5% but were lower than pre-pandemic. - Power plant emissions hit record levels. India Specific: - Coal use for electricity increased by 13% in 2021. - India’s CO2 emissions in 2021 were 80 Mt above pre-pandemic levels.

Answer 94

A

Global sales of electric cars rose strongly, with 2 million sold in Q1 2022, up 75% from Q1 2021.

Answer 95

A

Increase in electricity demand by 6% in 2021, the steepest since the 2008 crash. - Shift towards fossil fuels for rising demand. - Global energy intensity decreased by 1.9%, half the rate needed for net-zero by 2050.

Answer 96

A

Richest 1% responsible for 15% of cumulative emissions; poorest 50% for 7%. - Richest 10% account for 46% of emissions growth. - India’s per capita emissions are the lowest among large economies.

Answer 97

A

4 times more cooling appliances expected by 2050. - Without intervention, cooling emissions could rise 90% above 2017 levels by 2050.

Answer 98

A

71.1 million people internally displaced across 110 countries. - Disasters displaced 8.7 million in 88 countries by December 2022. - Pakistan had the highest number of disaster displacements (8.16 million); India was fourth (2.5 million).

Answer 99

A

India ranked 121 out of 193 UN members (117 in 2020, 120 in 2021).

Answer 100

A

Global forest area has declined since 1990, losing an area the size of Libya. - India is among the top 10 countries gaining forest area, managing 2% of global forest area. - Significant increase in community-managed forest areas in India due to the Joint Forest Management programme. - India reported maximum forestry sector employment globally.

Answer 101

A

Net forest losses fell from 6.8 million ha/year (2000-2010) to 3.1 million ha/year (2010-2018). - Deforestation driven by cropland expansion (50%) and livestock grazing (38.5%). - South America lost 68 million ha, Africa 49 million ha. - Annual deforestation decreased by 29% to 7.8 million ha/year.

Answer 102

A

Global gross product fell by 4.3% in 2020. - 25% of the global population rely on forests for subsistence, livelihoods, employment, and income.

Answer 103

A

Nearly a third of the 100 cities at high water risk are in India. - 17% of the global population and 10% of global GDP are currently in high-water risk regions. - By 2050, these figures could rise to 51% and 46%, respectively.

Answer 104

A

53.6 million tonnes (MT) of e-waste in 2019, a 21% increase in five years. - E-waste is expected to rise by 38% from 2020-2030. - Asia generated the highest e-waste volume, followed by the Americas and Europe. - Less than 18% of e-waste was recycled in 2019. - National e-waste policies adopted by 78 countries, including India.

Answer 105

A

Long-term exposure to air pollution caused 1.67 million deaths in India in 2019. - Air pollution is the largest risk factor for death in India. - India has the highest per capita pollution exposure, followed by Nepal and Niger. - India had a 17% increase in O3 concentrations over the past decade.

Answer 106

A

Highest poaching incidents in Uttarakhand and Maharashtra. - Skin is the most in-demand product, accounting for 69% of seizures.

Answer 107

A

69% decline in global wildlife populations over the last 50 years. - 83% decline in freshwater species populations. - 50% of warm water corals lost; 70-90% loss projected with a 5°C temperature rise. - 37% of rivers over 1,000 km remain free-flowing. India Specific: - Himalayan region and Western Ghats are highly vulnerable. - 137 km of Sundarbans mangrove forest eroded since 1985. - Decline in honeybees and 17 species of freshwater turtles.

Answer 108

A

Over 60% of global coral reefs under threat. - 66% of fish stocks at biologically sustainable levels in 2017, down from 71% seven years earlier. - High habitat loss and degradation, particularly in forests and tropical regions. - Decline in global wetlands and fragmentation of rivers threaten freshwater diversity.

Answer 109

A

Lead poisoning affects 1 in 3 children globally; nearly half in South Asia. - Over 900,000 premature deaths annually due to lead exposure. - Lead exposure linked to juvenile delinquency, violence, and crime.

Answer 110

A

1.26 billion people across 30 countries face extreme ecological risk and low resilience. - Most vulnerable regions: Middle East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia. - Over 5.4 billion people expected to live in countries facing extreme water stress by 2040.

Answer 111

A

South Asian countries, including India, are at high risk from climate crisis impacts. - Over 600 million Indians may face acute water shortages. - Flash flooding in urban areas to increase with global temperature rise above 2°C. - Disconnection between GHG emissions sources and the most affected children.

Answer 112

A

Up to 700 million people could be displaced by drought by 2030. - 2/3 of the world to experience water stress by 2025. - Drought impacts on women include more work, fewer opportunities, and pay cuts. - Severe droughts in India have historically affected GDP by 2-5% annually.

Answer 113

A

Cotton accounts for 31% of the global textile market, with a $600 billion economic impact. - Climate change could expose half of global cotton-growing regions, including India, to high risk by 2040. - All global cotton-growing regions could face increased risk from climate hazards by 2040.

Answer 114

A

CO2 emissions rose by 6% to 36.3 billion tonnes; China responsible for 33% of these emissions. - Record high generation of renewables exceeding 8,000 TWh. - Methane levels increased by 5%, but still lower than pre-pandemic levels. - Power plant emissions at the highest level ever.

Answer 115

A

Electric vehicle sales increased by 75% in Q1 2022 compared to 2021.

Answer 116

A

Electricity demand increased by 6% in 2021. - Energy intensity decreased by 1.9% year-on-year, not sufficient to meet net-zero goals by 2050.

Answer 117

A

Richest 1% contributed 15% of cumulative emissions; poorest 50% contributed 7%. - India’s per capita emissions are among the lowest of major economies.

Answer 118

A

Projected fourfold increase in cooling appliances by 2050, raising emissions significantly.

Answer 119

A

71.1 million displaced; 8.7 million due to disasters. - India fourth largest disaster displacement with 2.5 million people.

Answer 120

A

India ranks 121 out of 193 UN members.

Answer 121

A

India among top 10 countries gaining forest area due to the Joint Forest Management programme.

Answer 122

A

Decreased annual deforestation by 29% from 11 million to 7.8 million hectares per year (2010-2018).

Answer 123

A

25% of global population relies on forests for various needs.

Answer 124

A

Nearly a third of the world’s most water-risk-susceptible cities are in India.

Answer 125

A

E-waste increased by 21% in five years; Asia generates the most e-waste.

Answer 126

A

Major health risk in India with high per capita pollution exposure.

Answer 127

A

Highest poaching incidents in Uttarakhand and Maharashtra; skin most in-demand.

Answer 128

A

69% decline in wildlife populations globally over 50 years.

Answer 129

A

Over 60% of coral reefs under threat; 66% of fish stocks were at biologically sustainable levels in 2017.

Answer 130

A

Lead poisoning affects about 1 in 3 children, especially in South Asia.

Answer 131

A

1.26 billion people facing extreme ecological risk and low resilience.

Answer 132

A

Over 600 million Indians expected to face acute water shortages.

Answer 133

A

Up to 700 million people at risk of displacement by 2030 due to drought.

Answer 134

A

14% decline in coral reefs in less than a decade due to climate breakdown.

Answer 135

A

Weather-related disasters increased fivefold in the past 50 years; $3.6 trillion in losses.

Answer 136

A

Record levels of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide in 2020. - CO2 accounted for 80% of radiative forcing increase between 1990-2020.

Answer 137

A

Investments in Nature-based Solutions (NbS) need to increase from $154 billion to $384 billion by 2025. - Harmful subsidies estimated at $340 billion to $530 billion annually in energy and $500 billion in agriculture.

Answer 138

A

Human-wildlife conflict is a major threat; India has significant human-elephant conflicts.

Answer 139

A

Plastics in oceans estimated at 75-199 million tonnes; could nearly triple by 2040. - $6-19 billion economic costs in 2018; $100 billion annual financial risk projected by 2040.

Answer 140

A

Rapid increase in human-caused methane emissions; significant reductions needed in the waste sector to avoid severe climate impacts.

Answer 141

A

Production plans exceed climate goals: 240% more coal, 57% more oil, and 71% more gas than required for 1.5°C limit.

Answer 142

A

Large gaps in urban climate finance needs; $384 billion invested annually, falling short of trillions needed. - Investment in urban transport was 53% of total urban climate finance.

Answer 143

A

Natural disasters nearly doubled in the past 20 years; India is the second most affected by floods.

Answer 144

A

India ranked 13th for terrorism impact; global terrorism deaths fell by 9%. - IS remains the deadliest terror group.

Answer 145

A

Increase in seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in India. - India is positioned between major illicit opium production regions.

Answer 146

A

India ranked 10th globally and 4th in Asia-Pacific for cybersecurity.

Answer 147

A

33 million new displacements in 2019; 12 million were children. - Most displacements due to natural disasters.

Answer 148

A

Increase in online child sexual exploitation and abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. - 37% of children use tools to detect online grooming.

Answer 149

A

Over 18 million children working at e-waste dumpsites face severe health risks.

Answer 150

A

Findings

Answer 151

A

Wildlife Trade: - Illegal trade generates revenues up to $23 billion annually. - Criminals misuse legitimate wildlife trade and import-export businesses to hide illegal proceeds. Money Laundering: - Criminals use the formal financial sector to launder proceeds. - Innocent victims’ accounts are misused and high-value payments are avoided to evade detection.

Answer 152

A

296 million people worldwide used drugs in 2021, a 23% increase over the past decade. - Synthetic drugs like methamphetamine and fentanyl are dominating illicit markets due to low cost and ease of production. - Drug use disorder cases surged by 45% in the last decade. - Only 20% of individuals with drug use disorders received treatment in 2021, with significant regional disparities in access.

Answer 153

A

100 million people were displaced in 2021 due to violence, war, food insecurity, human rights abuses, and other emergencies. - 23.7 million new internal displacements worldwide due to disasters. - 1 in every 78 people is displaced. - Largest displacements: China (6 million), Philippines (5.7 million), India (4.9 million).

Answer 154

A

India ranked 85th among 180 countries, unchanged from 2021 with a score of 40. - Concerns over weakening mechanisms to combat corruption and decaying democratic status.

Answer 155

A

India ranked 161 out of 180 countries, slipping 11 ranks from 2022. - Neighbors ranked better: Bhutan (90), Nepal (95), Sri Lanka (135), Pakistan (150), Afghanistan (152). - India ranked 169 in political indicators, 144 in legislative, 155 in economic, 143 in social indicators, and 172 in journalist safety.

Answer 156

A

India ranked 4th in the Asia-Pacific region for comprehensive power with a score of 37.7 out of 100. - India’s overall score declined by 2 points compared to 2020. - India falls short of the major power threshold and trends downward in its overall score.

Answer 157

A

India rejected a USCIRF report alleging severe religious freedom violations. - Concerns about measures impacting critical voices, especially from religious minorities.

Answer 158

A

India classified as an electoral autocracy, ranked 93rd on the LDI out of 179 countries. - India is among the top ten ‘autocratisers’ globally. - India figures in the bottom 50% of countries on the LDI. - Ranked below Sri Lanka (88), Nepal (71), Bhutan (65), but above Pakistan (117) in South Asia.

Answer 159

A

Around 463 million children globally could not access remote learning due to school closures.

Answer 160

A

1.5 million schools closed in India, affecting 286 million students (49% girls). - 24% of households in India have internet access, with significant rural-urban and gender divides. - Learning gap widening across income levels; disadvantaged students face poor access to technology and education content.

Answer 161

A

33% of students in India are in private, unaided schools. - 67,000 of 97,000 new schools since 2014 are private. - 29,600 unrecognised schools and 500,000 students in unrecognised madrasas. - Only 46% of adults think the government should primarily handle school education.

Answer 162

A

In 2020, half of the analyzed countries reduced real spending on education. - Bilateral aid to education fell; households bear a large share of education costs in low-income countries.

Answer 163

A

22 countries, including India, saw a decline in academic freedom over the past decade. - Only 5 small countries improved their rankings. - Populous countries like the USA and Mexico also experienced declines.

Answer 164

A

Top 10 countries: Switzerland, New Zealand, Estonia, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Netherlands, Luxembourg. - India ranked 112th.

Answer 165

A

India ranked 59th. - China improved to 22nd; Pakistan 97th; Bangladesh 103rd.

Answer 166

A

Global: - Top-ranked: Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Netherlands. - Bottom-ranked: Venezuela, Cambodia, Afghanistan, DRC, Haiti. India: - Ranked 77th out of 140 countries with a score of 50. - 94th in fundamental rights, 111th in civil justice, 89th in criminal justice, 93rd in absence of corruption. - Neighbors: Bangladesh (127th), Pakistan (129th), China (95th), Nepal (69th).

Answer 167

A

India ranked 53rd among 117 nations in budget transparency and accountability. - Decreased transparency score due to lack of a Pre-Budget Statement and Mid-Year Review. - Good performance in timely publication and relevant information in audit reports. - Suggested improvements: Greater public participation in budgeting.

Answer 168

A

COVID-19 worsened urban challenges; cities contribute 70% of GDP. - 25 million urban households (35%) cannot afford market-priced housing. - Urban poor and migrant workers suffered from income loss and weak social protection. Recommendations: - Decentralization and local government empowerment. - Data collection to aid cities. - Focus on environmental sustainability and inclusivity for women and vulnerable populations.

Answer 169

A

Illegal wildlife trade generates up to $23 billion annually. - Criminals use legitimate wildlife trade and import-export businesses to launder illegal proceeds.

Answer 170

A

296 million people used drugs in 2021, a 23% increase over the past decade. - Synthetic drugs like methamphetamine and fentanyl are increasingly dominant. - Drug use disorder cases surged by 45% in the last ten years. - Only 20% of those with drug use disorders received treatment in 2021.

Answer 171

A

100 million people were displaced in 2021 due to various crises. - 23.7 million new internal displacements due to disasters. - 1 in every 78 people is displaced. - Largest displacements were in China (6 million), the Philippines (5.7 million), and India (4.9 million).

Answer 172

A

India ranked 85th among 180 countries. - India’s score remained the same at 40 as in 2021. - Concerns over weakening anti-corruption mechanisms and democratic status.

Answer 173

A

India is ranked 161 out of 180 countries. - Press freedom status deteriorated from “problematic” to “very bad.” - Neighbors rank better: Bhutan (90), Nepal (95), Sri Lanka (135), Pakistan (150), Afghanistan (152).

Answer 174

A

India is 4th most powerful in Asia-Pacific, but its overall score declined by 2 points. - India falls short of the major power threshold. - India is one of 18 countries with a downward trend in its overall score.

Answer 175

A

India rejected USCIRF’s report on “severe violations” of religious freedom. - Concerns raised about impacts on critical voices, particularly religious minorities.

Answer 176

A

India classified as an electoral autocracy, ranked 93rd out of 179 countries. - India is one of the top ten ‘autocratisers’ globally. - Ranked below Sri Lanka (88), Nepal (71), and Bhutan (65) in South Asia.

Answer 177

A

A third of the world’s school children (463 million) could not access remote learning due to school closures from COVID-19.

Answer 178

A

1.5 million schools closed in India affecting 286 million students. - 24% of households in India have internet access, with significant rural-urban and gender divides. - Learning gaps widen, particularly for economically disadvantaged families.

Answer 179

A

One-third of Indian students are in private schools, many unrecognized. - 67,000 of 97,000 new schools since 2014 are private. - 29,600 unrecognized schools educate 3.8 million children. - Low perceived government responsibility for education.

Answer 180

A

Many countries reduced education spending during COVID-19. - Bilateral aid to education fell; households bear more education costs in low-income countries.

Answer 181

A

Identified 22 countries, including India and China, where academic freedom has significantly declined. - Few countries improved rankings; populous countries like the USA and Mexico also saw declines.

Answer 182

A

Top 10 countries include Switzerland, New Zealand, and Estonia. - India ranks 112th in human freedom.

Answer 183

A

India ranks 59th globally. - China ranks 22nd, Pakistan 97th, and Bangladesh 103rd.

Answer 184

A

India ranked 77 out of 140 countries. - Lower rankings in civil justice (111), criminal justice (89), and corruption absence (93). - Neighboring countries’ scores: Bangladesh (127), Pakistan (129), China (95), Nepal (69).

Answer 185

A

India is 53rd out of 117 nations for budget transparency. - Issues noted with pre-budget statements and mid-year reviews. - Good performance in publishing audit reports.

Answer 186

A

COVID-19 exacerbated urban challenges. - 70% of India’s GDP from cities; 25-30 people migrate to cities every minute. - 25 million urban households cannot afford market-priced housing. - Vulnerable populations suffered income loss and weak social protection.

Answer 187

A

India enforced one of the strictest lockdowns early in the pandemic.

Answer 188

A

India ranks 122nd out of 181 countries. - Singapore is the top-ranked, followed by Slovenia, Norway, Malta, and Denmark.

Answer 189

A

Greenhouse gas concentrations at record highs. - To meet Paris Agreement goals, reductions need to be seven times higher. - Projected global warming of 2.5°C–2.8°C by century end with current policies.

Answer 190

A

India ranks 40th out of 132 countries. - Switzerland leads, followed by the US, Sweden, UK, and Netherlands. - India leads among lower middle-income countries and in ICT services exports.

Answer 191

A

GERD in India stagnant at 0.7% of GDP. - Decline in government R&D investment. - Increase in scientific publications and foreign investment in R&D. - Low research intensity compared to BRICS nations.

Answer 192

A

COVID-19 led to declines in health and nutrition services. - Increase in multidimensional poverty among children. - Recommendations include closing the digital divide and ensuring access to health services and education.

Answer 193

A

Future pandemics expected to be more frequent and damaging. - COVID-19 is at least the 6th pandemic of the last century.

Answer 194

A

AMR is a leading cause of death, contributing to a predicted $100.2 trillion loss in global GDP by 2050. - Over 56,000 newborn deaths in India annually due to resistant infections.

Answer 195

A

Major risks include failure to address climate change and extreme weather events. - India experienced extreme weather on 291 of 334 days in 2022.

Answer 196

A

India ranks 14th among 114 countries for generosity. - Indonesia is the most generous nation.

Answer 197

A

India ranks 18th out of 30 countries with a score of 46/100. - Limited civil society participation in drug policy processes.

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