keywords - gs1 and 2 Flashcards
Keyword
Content
Saptarishis in Budget 2023-24
Inclusive development<br></br>Reaching last mile<br></br>Infrastructure and investment<br></br>Unleashing potential<br></br>Green power<br></br>Youth power<br></br>Financial sector.
Invisible ‘Unpaid’ Work
Dual Burden<br></br>Self-Limiting Mindset<br></br>A large part of their women works, from working for the household farm or business to domestic and caregiving work is delegitimized as women’s work and is not considered ‘real’ work.<br></br>In rural areas, this also includes daily tasks such as collecting firewood and water. The Labour involved in running a household and managing daily tasks is not just physical, but also mental and emotional.
Breaking of Glass Ceiling
Glass ceiling is a metaphor for invisible barrier that prevents some people (especially women) from rising to senior positions<br></br>E.g. USA termed one of the most liberal country but it got it first female vice president Kamla Harris in 2020, and even till now there is no female president yet
Benign Neglect
An attitude or policy of ignoring an often delicate or undesirable situation that one is held to be responsible for dealing with<br></br>E.g. a contractor who digs up a road and posts no danger signs, or keeps a man-hole open, or leaves rocks on the road as dangerous play things for autos to joust with?<br></br>According to World Road Statistics (2018), India reports the highest number of road accident deaths followed by US and China<br></br>Benign neglect is seen in case of Women and girl child as well
Soft investment
Investments made in areas such as education and healthcare.
Cumulative Discrimination (from womb to tomb)
Discrimination against women<br></br>“From the girl child is being killed in womb owing to gender bias, to Young as well as aged women are being subjected to atrocities and sexual abuse”
Perpetuation of Patriarchy
Patriarchy refers to dominance in society by male counterparts<br></br>Patriarchy are learnt in the family where the head of the family is a man/ father<br></br>In patriarchal family birth of male child is preferred to that of a female<br></br>Systemic deprivation and violence against women: rape, sexual harassment, sexual abuse, wife-beating, high level of female illiteracy, malnutrition, and continued sense of insecurity keeps women bound to home
One-gate-for-all-kids approach
Verifying age of a person before allowing access to services online.
Prisoners of Patriarchy
Economic Survey 2017-18 revealed that women comprise only 24% of the Indian workforce.<br></br>The number of women in workplaces is declining steadily, even though the enrolment of girls in higher education courses is growing steadily to 46% in 2014 from 39% in 2007.
Reproductive Slavery
Son Meta-Preference is the phenomena where parents continue to produce children until the desired number of sons are born. - Economic Survey-2017-18<br></br>This problem leads to reproductive slavery where women are compelled to become pregnant until a boy is born.
Agents of Socialization
Socialization agents are a combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization.
Alienation
Alienation occurs when a person withdraws or becomes isolated from their environment or from other people.
Ethnocentrism
Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
Feminization of Poverty
Gap between women and men caught in the cycle of poverty has continued to widen in the past decade, a phenomenon commonly referred to as “the feminization of poverty”.
Paternalistic Attitudes
It refers to mindset in which one person assumes authority over another person and seeks to make decisions for them.
Commodification of Women
Term used to describe how manufacturers strategically market products toward women for the purpose of selling into, and exploiting, their femininity and domesticity
3Bs of Women Empowerment
Build alliances, be bold and be constantly curious.
Sashakt Nari, Sashakt Bharat
Empowerment of women is essential for overall development of a nation.
Folk Way
Norm followed out of tradition
Melting Pot
India is a melting pot of different cultures encompassing in itself various languages, traditions, music, art etc.
Gender Socialization
Gender socialization is the process through which children learn about the social expectations, attitudes and behaviours typically associated with boys and girls.
Caste-Based Stratification
The India Caste System is a perfect example of the stratification system.
Cultural Relativism
Not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.
Sticky Floor
Expression used as a metaphor to point to a discriminatory employment pattern that keeps workers, mainly women, in the lower ranks of the job scale, with low mobility and invisible barriers to career advancement.
Triple Burden Faced by Women Because of Triple Role
Women’s work includes reproductive work (domestic work, child caring and rearing, adult care, caring for the sick, water and fuel related work, health related work), productive work and community managing work (includes activities primarily undertaken by women at the community level around the provision of items of collective consumption)
Charity Culture to Rights-Based Entitlement
People recognized as key actors in their own development rather than as passive recipients of commodities.
Care Economy
Refers to the paid and unpaid labor and services that support caregiving in all its forms.
Night-Time Economy
Covers a wide range of activity in town and city centres taking place between the hours of 18:00 – 06:00 including retail, culture & leisure, transport and accommodation etc.
Nutrition Gap
Disparity in access to nutritious food between different populations or geographic regions.
Gender Parity
Empowering women can reduce gaps in education and health outcomes for women.
Missing Women
Term “missing women” indicates a shortfall in number of women relative to the expected number of women in a region or country.
Social Equalizer
Education is the great social equalizer and access to free, high-quality schools can level the playing field for disadvantaged children.
Amrit Kaal, Kartavya Kaal
PM speech- Turn Amrit kaal (till 2047) into Kartavya kaal (era of duties).
Crisis of Credibility
An average 85% teachers failed to qualify the post-qualification competency test.<br></br>Recognizing the ‘power of teacher’ NEP 2020 has put in place systemic reforms that would help ‘teaching’ emerge as an attractive profession of choice for bright and talented young minds, then only crisis of credibility could be solved.
Hallowing Out of the Public Schools
While the number of govt schools increased over the years, the enrolment numbers in them have been falling continuously, leading to “hollowing” of state-run schools.<br></br>Non-performing or “hollowed” government schools should be handed over to private players under the public-private partnership (PPP) model, NitiAayog has recommended.
PM on Pariksha Pe Charcha
Use technology, don’t let technology use you; exams are not end goal of students life; everyone should learn time management from their mothers.
From Right to Education to Right to Learning
NEP recommends that the curriculum load in each subject should be reduced to its essential core content. This would make space for holistic, discussion and analysis-based learning.
Bridging Learning Deficit
Basic learning levels are low in private schools in rural India with 60% class V students failing to solve a simple division, and 35% not being able to read a Class II-level paragraph.<br></br>Need to bring reforms using access, equity and quality as guiding factors.
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Content
Skill Capital
National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) to train as many people as possible in various skills.<br></br>Skilled and able workforce will make India ‘skill capital’ of world.
Harmonisation of 3s
Skills, standards and service
Over Regulated and Under Governed
Too many rules and regulations. UGC and MHRD tell the universities what kind of syllabus they can teach, how many years a course must last, what the size of a classroom should be.<br></br>But least concerned about the learning outcome of the educational experience.
Quantity without Quality Syndrome
RTE has heavy emphasis on physical infrastructure in schools than on quality education like learning and teaching standards.<br></br>It is time to lay more stress on the quality of education, rather than on its quantity.
4 Ds
Demand, Demography, Deregulation and Democracy<br></br>For inviting foreign investment and manufacturing companies<br></br>Self-sufficient Economy.
Massification of Higher Education
Availability of higher education to everyone resulting in overwhelming numbers of students entering universities and a proliferation of higher education institutions to cater for these numbers of students.<br></br>Important questions on the quality of institutions and the employment of graduates remains.
Degree Shops
Institutions that offer degrees which are incompetent or sometimes fake at a price.
Islands of Excellence, Ocean of Mediocrity
India has just two universities among the world’s top 400, as per World University Rankings 2021.<br></br>While with 51,649 colleges and universities, the Indian higher education system is one of the largest in the world.
Politicization of Education
E.g. Reservation in education institutions became political agenda.
Brain Drain
Indian students more attracted towards going to foreign countries to study despite Indian education being more demanding.
Amrit Peedhi
The Union Budget 2023-24 has highlighted ‘Amrit Peedhi’ or ‘Youth Power’ as a priority under the ‘Saptarishi’ guiding us through the Amrit Kaal.
Winner Takes It All
Opinions of the rich and their lobbies are given more consideration, while voices of the poorest people and their associations are not even heard.
Life Cycle Based Approach
To develop and disseminate practical tools for the evaluation of opportunities, risks, and trade-offs associated with products and services over their entire life cycle to achieve sustainable development.
Demographic Bulge
A bulge or an indentation in the profile of the population pyramid may indicate unusually high fertility or mortality or changes in the population due to immigration or emigration.
Demographic Dividend
Economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when share of working-age population is larger than non-working-age share of the population.
Demographic Disaster
Demographic dividend can turn into demographic disaster if enough jobs are not created.
Demographic Time Bomb
If country’s population is falling faster than ever before.<br></br>Where fertility rates are falling at same time that longevity is increasing.
Gig Economy
Free market system where temporary positions are common and companies hire independent workers for short-term commitments.
Over-Enforcement Risks
Potential negative consequences resulting from very strict enforcement of laws, rules and regulations.
Smart Factory
A highly digitized shop floor that continuously collects and shares data from connected machines, devices, and production systems.<br></br>End goal of digitization in manufacturing.
Sun of Development
While addressing a special session of Arunachal Pradesh’s Legislative Assembly, President Droupadi Murmu said the “sun of development is shining” in the state.<br></br>She said the state has the potential to become an “attractive investment destination” as it has “rich natural resources and quality human resources”.
4 Ss
Skill, Scale, Speed with Standards<br></br>To increase productivity and boost employability among youth. To become ‘SKILLED INDIA’.
Skill Mismatch
A discrepancy between the skills that are sought by employers and the skills that are possessed by individuals.<br></br>This means that education and training are not providing the skills demanded in the labour market.
Skill Shortage
When there are not enough people available with the skills needed to do the jobs.
Cultural Ambassadors vs. Brain Drain
Persons like Sonam Wangchuk, who contribute to the Indian society by coming one step forward, are well-recognized all over the world and act as a cultural ambassador.<br></br>On the other hand, there is a trend to go abroad for higher education and eventually settle there. - Modi
Golden Mean Between Ideological Rigidities vs. Mindless Aping of West
The cultural values or ethos of Indian society and ideas or practices coming from western countries that may not be compatible with each other. A golden mean approach should be taken.<br></br>We must preserve our rich spiritual culture and allow wise blending of western culture with it.
3 As
Access, Affordability, Availability of skilling courses
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Content
Policy Ambiguity
Lack of clarity in terms of policy framework or a clause has been left open-ended with multiple interpretations.<br></br>E.g.: Companies Act not defining the post of the Director.
Naturalization
Acquiring citizenship of a country, with or without formal effort.<br></br>E.g.: A person can acquire citizenship by naturalization if he/she is ordinarily resident of India for 12 years.
Usual Residents of the Country
An individual who has been residing in a local area for at least the last 6 months or intends to stay in a particular area for the next 6 months.
Political Neutrality
An IAS officer performing his duty and obligations without any bias or preference to the ideology of the political party in power.
Secular Education
The complete separation of religion from the functioning of schools and the educational curricula.<br></br>E.g.: No religious morning prayers in school assemblies.
Catch Up Rule
If a senior candidate of the general category is promoted after SC/ST candidates, he would regain his seniority in promotion over the juniors promoted ahead of him under the reserved vacancies.
Basic Structure Doctrine
The parts of the constitution, changing which would tantamount to changing the entire constitution.
Bulldozer Effect (Tanzanian President)
A tough, no-nonsense leader who’s not afraid to stamp on corrupt toes and doesn’t mind getting his hands dirty.
Purposive Interpretation
When statutory and constitutional laws are interpreted by common law courts on the basis of the purpose of enactment of law.<br></br>E.g.: Full bench of Central Information Commission declared all national parties as public authorities within the purview of RTI ACT, 2005.
Constitutional Outrage
Attempts to sabotage parliamentary processes and functioning.
Institutional Correctives
A set of legislative measures like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act that checks on terror financing.
Voter Apathy
Voter apathy refers to a lack of interest in participating in elections by certain groups of voters.
Right to Silence
The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law enforcement officers or court officials.<br></br>E.g.: The right is protected by Articles 20 (3) and 21 of the Constitution of India.
Missing Voters
Name missing from the voter’s list and need to register again.<br></br>E.g.: More than 20 million missing women voters on average in every constituency in India in 2019 elections.
Super Cabinet
A political cabinet with power over another subordinate cabinet.
Fair Power Sharing
The equal distribution of power among the organs of the government such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.<br></br>E.g.: In democracy, there is fair power sharing.
Political Football
A problem that politicians from different parties argue about and try to use in order to get an advantage for themselves.<br></br>E.g.: Alliance between ideologically different political parties like in Maharashtra.
Political Arm Twisting
The use of political pressure to gain support.<br></br>E.g.: Center using the post of governor to control policies in the state.
Parking Lot for Politicians
Backdoor entry of politicians who lost in elections.<br></br>E.g.: Vidhan Parishad is considered a parking lot for politicians.
Safety Valve
E.g.: Rajya Sabha, the Safety Valve of Indian Federalism.
Power of Purse
The power of the purse is the ability of one group to manipulate and control the actions of another group by withholding funding, or putting stipulations on the use of funds.<br></br>E.g.: GST fund transfer from center to state.
Inverted Democracy
Democracy or democratic structure not adhering to fundamentals of true democracy like rights to citizens and freedom.<br></br>E.g.: Voices of dissent being curbed in a democratic country.
Perversion of Democracy
Distortion or corruption in democracy.
From ‘Paper Democracy to Participatory Democracy’
A form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives.
Civic Nationalism
Belief in an inclusive form of nationalism that adheres to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.
Enlightened Public Opinion
Enlightened public opinion was considered the fulcrum of a thriving democracy.
Paradox of Poor People with Rich Parliamentarians
High number of richest politicians in Parliament.
Nuts and Bolts of State Machinery
Budget aims to fix ‘nuts and bolts’ of state machinery.<br></br>Refers to basic components of government or political system that supports its operations and decision making.
Integrated Service Delivery
Differentiated targets are replaced with a single consolidated approach to reduce duplication of effort, improve sharing of knowledge, and lead to better results for individuals, families, and communities.<br></br>E.g.: In Healthcare, delivery of preventive as well as curative treatment.
Rule-Based Human Resource Management
Set of mandatory laws governing hiring and employee benefits.
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Content
From Isolated Civic Spaces to Interactive Civic Spaces
Space where individuals can freely express their opinions.
Armchair Bureaucrats
Refers to civil servants who ignore the realistic aspects and make policy decisions based only on documents.<br></br>E.g.: During the lockdown, policymakers ignored the realistic aspects of migrants and their real issues.
Responsibility Matrix
Describes the participation by various roles in completing tasks or deliverables for a project or business process.
Laboratory Federalism
Politically decentralized countries may benefit from better policies than centralized countries.<br></br>E.g.: 73rd and 74th amendment acts.
Micro-Management of States
Devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the area, granting them a higher level of autonomy.<br></br>E.g.: In the later phase of the lockdown, all policies were taken by considering conditions at the local level.
3N
Niyat (intention), Niyam (set of rules), Neeti (code of conduct).
Governance Trap
Tracking behavior and change explores practical ways of addressing the conflict between the flexibility and subjectivity of governance ideas.
Light but Tight Regulatory Approach
NEP proposes a ‘light but tight’ regulatory framework under a single central authority, but given our culture of governmental control, it could end up as ‘tight’ rather than ‘light’.
Citizen is Always Right Mantra
PM Modi stated that government officials should work with the ‘citizen is always right’ mantra.
Over-Regulated and Under-Governed
Complex regulatory structure with multiple regulations and processes.
Rent Seeking Culture
The government needs to eliminate rents, such as approved permits (AP) or licenses, to curb “Ali Baba”, or rent-seeking culture in the country.
Monolithic Regulatory Architecture
NEP’s regulatory architecture is too monolithic for higher education in a diverse country.
Dynamic Governance
Dynamic governance is a social technology for governing and operating organizations and networks. It distributes policymaking throughout all levels of the organization and establishes equivalence among its members within their domain of responsibility.
Glamorous Policy Making and Humble Implementation
Gaps in policy making and real-time implementation.
Service Delayed is Service Denied
Delay in delivery of government services.
From ‘Governance of Skew to Governance of Saturation
Need for inclusive governance.
Entrepreneurial Bureaucracy
Granting not only the possibility of a bureaucracy to be entrepreneurial in its spirit but also the attainability of a bureaucracy that fundamentally fosters and promotes intrastate entrepreneurship and innovation in both the public and state administration.
Errors of Inclusion and Exclusion
Errors in the identification of beneficiaries.
From Trusted Steel Frame to Becoming Rusted Steel Frame
India’s steel frame (civil services) looks rusted. All India Services, that provided the ‘steel frame’ of governance in democratic India, granting Constitutional autonomy to state administration, particularly on the police front, are failing to deliver due to the declining decision-making ability of officers.
Domainisation of Civil Services
Civil services restricted to particular sectors.
People-Centric Development Policy
Development based on people’s needs.
Satark Bharat, Samriddha Bharat
The Vigilance Awareness Week theme, “सतर्क भारत, समृद्ध भारत – Satark Bharat, Samriddh Bharat (Vigilant India, Prosperous India).”
From Government-First Approach to Citizen-First Approach
Placing citizens at the forefront.
Samarth Bharat, Sampann Bharat, Swayampurna Bharat, Shaktiman Bharat, and Gatiwan Bharat
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi said the budget was a big step in the direction of Samarth Bharat, Sampann Bharat, Swayampurna Bharat, Shaktiman Bharat, Gatiwan Bharat.
Dematerialization of Documents
The move from physical certificates to electronic bookkeeping.
File Pushing and Red Tapism
Red tape refers to regulations or conformity to formal rules or standards which are claimed to be excessive, rigid, or redundant, or to bureaucracy claimed to hinder or prevent action or decision-making.
Policy Paralysis to Decisive Governance
The hallmark of PM Modi’s leadership is “Decisive Governance”, which has resulted in a paradigm shift in how the government approaches issues confronting the nation.
Principle of Proportionality
Proportionality means that administrative action should not be more drastic than it ought to be for obtaining the desired result.
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Fair Balance Test
E.g.: In judicial verdicts, balance between the general interest of the community and the interests of individuals is always tested.
Scandalizing the Court
Deliberate insult or fraudulent speculation of the judiciary.<br></br>E.g.: Kunal Kamra’s latest tweets on the judiciary.
Stopgap Arrangement
Judicial guidelines function as stopgap arrangements until parliamentary legislation comes into force to tackle urgent situations.
Recuse
Excuse oneself from a case due to potential conflict of interest.<br></br>E.g.: 5 SC judges recused themselves from hearing the Navlakha case.
Basic Procedural Justice
Procedural justice is the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources.
People’s Tribunal
A tribunal organized by civil society groups.<br></br>E.g.: A People’s Tribunal was set up in Assam following NRC.
Tribunalisation of Justice
Judges sit and decide controversies between the parties and exercise judicial powers as distinguished from purely administrative functions.<br></br>E.g.: Most companies try to solve cases in the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), e.g., Cyrus Pallonji Mistry case.
Command Responsibility Principle
E.g.: When military commanders or police chiefs fail to effectively prevent, suppress, or punish their subordinates’ illegal activities, the chief may be punished for the subordinates’ crimes.
Opt-in Model
The option where going into mediation is voluntary in Online Dispute Resolutions (ODR).
Dispute Containment
Only those disputes that require judicial resolution should reach the courts. Matters that do not require judicial resolution should not reach the courts at all.
Trivialization of Justice
Tribunalization of justice may lead to trivialization of justice.
Connectivity Revolution
Connecting all parts of life with technology and digital media.<br></br>E.g.: Internet of Things.
Data Disaggregation
Refers to numerical or non-numerical information that has been broken down into component parts or smaller units of data.<br></br>Helps in having a better sectoral understanding of various areas of concern.
Data-Centric Economy
Economy in which decision-making is driven by data collected, stored, and analyzed.
Data Colonization to Data Nationalism
Data nationalization is an effort by nation-states to ensure control over data for a range of security-based reasons.
Secret Treaty
A treaty in which the contracting state parties have agreed to conceal the treaty’s existence or substance from other states and the public.<br></br>E.g.: Swiss bank has a secret treaty with its customers so that they don’t reveal their data in the public.
Proactive Diplomacy
Creating and controlling diplomatic relations rather than responding to concerns and issues.<br></br>E.g.: PM Modi’s visit to Pacific islands even without any pending issues.
4th Pillar of Democracy
Media is considered the Fourth Pillar of Democracy.<br></br>E.g.: Involves awareness programs, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Corporatization of Media
Consciously redesigned as pure business enterprises with the sole aim of profit-making.<br></br>E.g.: TRP scam exposed corporatization of media.
Advertorial
A newspaper or magazine advertisement giving information about a product in the style of an editorial or objective journalistic article.
Studio Room Journalism
Journalism where news stories are collected, written, edited, and then broadcasted.
Embedded Journalism
News reporters being attached to military units involved in armed conflicts.<br></br>E.g.: Journalism during recent India-Pakistan conflicts.
Rat Race Journalism
Symbolizes the ever-accelerating struggle against deadlines and constant pressure associated with new media-oriented design.<br></br>E.g.: Various TV channels hounding after Rhea Chakraborty in the SSR case.
Advertorials
An advertorial is an advertisement in the form of editorial content.
Victimological Underpinnings
Study of the victims of crimes.<br></br>E.g.: Insights into Dalit victimological underpinnings can help to understand the socio-economic situation for them.
Custodial Death
Death of an individual while in the custody of the police, often resulting from police excesses.<br></br>E.g.: The deaths of Jeyaraj and Benicks in Tamil Nadu during the lockdown.
Human-Centric Security
Security with a focus on protecting individuals rather than defending state structures.<br></br>E.g.: Ban on landmines - Ensures human security before strategic security.
Test of Reasonableness
A decision must not be arbitrary, artificial, or evasive. It should be based on an intelligible differentia, some real and substantial distinction.<br></br>E.g.: In the Aadhar verdict, a test was laid down to adjudge the reasonableness of the invasion of privacy.
Mass Exodus
E.g.: The lockdown led to an exodus of migrant workers struggling to reach their home states.
Non-Motorized Transport
Environmentally friendly transport like bicycles, walking, and segways.
Trained Incapacity
The idea that certain types of education, training, experience, and habit may lead an individual to be unable to think beyond a set of constraints.
