definition - gs2 Flashcards
Delegated Legislation
Delegated legislation refers to the executive government assuming vast legislative powers through a wide legislation and framing rules which endow it with wide powers.
Pressure Groups
Pressure groups are forms of organizations which exert pressure on the political or administrative system of a country to extract benefits out of it and to advance their own interests.
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is violence and abuse within the household often in a marital relationship. It can also be non-physical and includes attempts to gain power over a wife/husband.
Inner Line Permit
A document required for purposes of visit and staying in areas declared under the Inner Line Permit owing to its unique demography or security situation.
Cooperative Federalism
Cooperative federalism implies the centre and states share a horizontal relationship, where they “cooperate” in the larger public interest.
Competitive Federalism
It refers to promoting healthy competition between the states to keep them motivated in pursuit of economic development.
Asymmetric Federation
In this federation, the Centre and the States do not have matching powers in all matters; there are some differences in the way some States and other constituent units of the Indian Union relate to the Centre.
Multinational federations
A multinational state is a sovereign state that comprises two or more nations or states.
Doctrine Proportionality
Proportionality means that the administrative action should not be more drastic than it ought to be for obtaining the desired result. In India, the doctrine of proportionality was adopted by the Supreme Court in Om Kumar v. Union of India.
Constitutional Morality
Constitutional morality means adherence to the core principles of constitutional democracy. It means an effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and the administrative cooperation to resolve the issues without any confrontation amongst the various groups.
Doctrine of Essentiality
It is the judicial doctrine where a practice or process within religion is justified to be essential and thus judicial pronouncement asking for its removal is tantamount to violation of the religion itself.
Judicial Overreach
It is the extreme form of judicial activism which involves frequent and unnecessary judicial interventions in legislation as well as executive functions of the government.
Consequential Seniority
If a reserved category candidate is promoted before a general category candidate because of reservation in promotion, then for subsequent promotion the reserved candidate retains seniority.
Financial Prudence
The careful and economic management of financial resources for effective and productive use.
Political Morality
The use of moral and ethical judgments in making political decisions and general polity.
Political Victimization
Treating political opponents poorly and unfairly and making them feel as if they are in a bad position.
Principle of Natural Justice
They are those rules laid down by the Courts as being the minimum protection of the rights of the individual against the arbitrary procedure.
Tribunals
A judicial or quasi-judicial institution which deals with more specialized matters and is less formal than courts.
Public Service
It is a service provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing the provision of services.
Public Authority
It is any authority or body or institution of self-government established or constituted by or under the Constitution; or by any other law.
Custodial Violence
It refers to violence in police custody and judicial custody. Besides death, rape and torture are two other forms of custodial violence.
Capital Punishment
It is a legal penalty ordered by the Court against the person who has committed a certain crime that is prohibited by the law. In India, it is only given in the rarest of the rare cases as per the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure.
Uniform Civil Code
It provides for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc.
Public Interest Litigation
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) means a legal tool to protect the interest of the general public. It is the use of the law to promote human rights and equality, and to raise matters of widespread public concern.
Judicial Activism
It is an approach to the exercise of judicial review, or a description of a particular judicial decision, in which a judge is generally considered more willing to decide constitutional issues and to invalidate legislative or executive actions.
Criminalization of Politics
It means there is an increase in criminals entering politics, contesting elections, and getting elected to the Parliament and state legislature.
Self Help Groups
Self-help groups are informal groups of people who come together to address their common problems, usually financial.
Governance
Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the well-being of their country’s citizens or subjects.
Good Governance
Good Governance is the process of providing services to the citizen by inducting their participation, to meet their aspiration, to resolve their conflict, and hold the government accountable.
E-Governance
E-Governance is the delivery of service through ICT (WAN, Mobile Computing, Internet) in an equitable, efficient, and effective manner.
Citizen Charter
A citizen charter is basically a set of commitments made by an organization regarding the standards and service it delivers. Its objective is to inform citizens about the standard of services which the government is going to provide and hold the government accountable.
Social democracy
A moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favors a balance between the market and the state, rather than the abolition of capitalism.
Communitarianism
The belief that the self or person is constituted through the community, in the sense that individuals are shaped by the communities to which they belong and thus owe them a debt or respect and consideration.
Rule of law
The principle that law should ‘rule’ in the sense that it establishes a framework within which all conduct and behavior takes place.
Due process of Law
“Due Process of Law” is a doctrine that not only checks if there is a law to deprive the life and personal liberty of a person but also ensures that the law is made fair and just.
Sovereignty
The principle of absolute and unlimited power; the absence of a higher authority in either domestic or external affairs.
Secularism
Secularism is an ideology, which implies that the public sphere should remain free from religious influence. Though it does not bar individuals from its individual sphere.
Decentralization
The expansion of local autonomy through the transfer of powers and responsibilities away from national bodies.
Devolution
The transfer of power from central government to subordinate regional or provincial institutions that have no share in sovereignty; their responsibilities and powers being derived entirely from the centre.
Custodial Violence
Custodial violence is the violence which takes place in judicial and police custody where an individual who has committed a crime is tortured mentally as well as physically.
Social Audit
It is a process in which citizens assess and monitor government operations on the ground, then utilize the findings to demand accountability from the government via a public hearing system.
M-governance
M-Governance is the use of mobile or wireless technology to improve Governance service and information “anytime, anywhere”. It takes electronic services and makes them available via mobile technologies using devices such as mobile phones.
Health
According to WHO, Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Gender Budgeting
Gender budgeting is a strategy to achieve equality between women and men by focusing on how public resources are collected and spent to address gender inequality.
Income Inequality
Income inequality is how unevenly income is distributed throughout a population. The less equal the distribution, the higher income inequality is. It is often accompanied by wealth inequality, which is the uneven distribution of wealth.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients, or impaired nutrient utilization.
Learning Poverty
Learning poverty is defined as the percentage of 10-year-olds who cannot read and understand a simple story (World Bank).
Surrogacy
Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman carries and delivers a child for another couple or person.
Altruistic Surrogacy
Altruistic surrogacy generally refers to arrangements where the surrogate does not receive compensation beyond reimbursement for medical costs and other reasonable expenses.
Digital Literacy
Digital literacy refers to an individual’s capabilities to effectively and responsibly function and perform work in a digital society.
Social Capital
Social capital is a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to effectively achieve a common purpose.
Social Reflexivity
Social reflexivity is the tendency of individuals and other social actors to reflect continuously on the conditions of their own actions, implying higher levels of self-awareness, self-knowledge, and contemplation.
Informal Economy
The informal economy encompasses a diversified set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state.
Social Exclusion
Social exclusion is the process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits, and opportunities that others enjoy.
Bonded Labor
Bonded labor is a practice in which employers give high-interest loans to workers whose entire families then labor at low wages to pay off the debt.
Child Labour
Child labor is work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and dignity, and is harmful to their physical and mental development.
Family Planning
Family planning is a program to regulate the number, timing, and spacing of children in a family through contraception or other birth control methods.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are substances that are biologically active within a drug and are responsible for the desired effect it has on the individual taking it.
ASHAs
ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists) are community health workers instituted by the government as part of the National Rural Health Mission to address basic health issues and create health awareness.
Anganwadi Workers
Anganwadi workers are part of a government-sponsored child-care and mother-care center in India.
Digital Health
Digital health refers to the use of information technology/electronic communication tools, services, and processes to deliver health care services or facilitate better health.
Vaccine Hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy refers to the delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite their availability, due to lack of confidence, complacency, or convenience.
Gender Discrimination
Gender discrimination means discrimination based on a person’s gender or sex, which more often affects girls and women.
Hidden Hunger
Hidden hunger refers to deficiencies in essential micronutrients (vitamins & minerals) which negatively impact health, cognition, function, survival, and economic development.
Gender Divide
The gender divide is the disparity between different genders in society in the fields of social, politics, and economics.
SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
Poverty
Social definition: Poverty is a state of deprivation where a person cannot get two complete square meals a day. Economic definition: Poverty is the state where a person cannot earn $1.90 a day.
Absolute Poverty
Absolute poverty is a standard based on an income level or access to resources, especially food, clothing, and shelter, which are insufficient to ‘keep body and soul together’.
Relative Poverty
Relative poverty is a standard in which people are deprived of the living conditions and amenities customary in their society.
Poverty Cycle
The poverty cycle is a set of circumstances that make poverty self-perpetuating through its impact on health, civic order, political and economic performance, etc.
Food Security
Food security means access to food by every stratum of society socially, physically, and economically. It should be within physical reach, affordable, and without discrimination.
Welfare State
A welfare state is a state that takes prime responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens, discharged through a range of social security, health, education, and other services.
