key words for sociocultural approach Flashcards
SIT
ones personal/individual identity is based off/shaped by their social group membership.
- the way someone thinks about themselves and evaluates themselves in relation to groups
1. social categorization - one identifying emselves w a grp
1. self identification - acting like that grp
3. social comparison - comparing in-grp w out-grr
4. positive distinctiveness - ego , pos.
two studies for SIT
- Chen et al 2005.
- Cialdini et al 1976
SCT
behavior is modeled by other members of a group and acquired through observation or imitation baesed on the consequences of a behavior.
1. attention
2. retention
3. potential
4. motivation
define vicarious reinforcement
this is good
when a person observed the positive consequences of a behavior, and thus conducts that behavior as well to achieve or obtain the same positive consequence.
studies for SCT
- Bundura 1961
- Kearney and Levine 2015
Stereotype
generalized and fixed way of thinking (perception) about a group of people.
studies for the formation of stereotypes
- Hamilton and gifford 1976
- hillard and liben 2010
studies for the effects of stereotypes
- Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968
- Steele and Aronson 1995
define self-fulfilling prophecy
a pre-existing stereotype is made about a group of people which impacts ones behavior.
*Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when the initial beliefs of one person (the perceiver) about another person (the target) lead the perceiver to act in ways that cause the target to confirm the perceiver’s beliefs with their behavior.
define stereotype threat
the negative emotions a person (target) feels such as concern, anxiety or worry, when they are made aware of a certain stereotype about them or their in-group which cause them to change their behavior by conforming or rejecting that stereotype.
define conformity
the presence of others can lead to changes in beliefs and behaviors resulting in compliance to serviced norms, rules, regulations.
define self-efficacy
part of SCT - an individuals perception of the possibility of success in a given area based on previous experiences - kinda like vicarious reinforcement
define culture
cultures r made up of a set of attitudes, behavior and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next. cultural groups are characterized by different norms and conventions.
define surface culture
behaviors, customs, traditions and words of a culture that can easily be observed.
define deep culture
beliefs, values, thought processes and assumptions of a culture that may be more easily understood by members of that in-group but may be less accessible to members of other cultures.
define cultural dimensions what r they
CD refer to the values of members of a society living within a particular culture. itssa framework that represents the extent to which each culture varies from each other.
define individualism
Individualism is a social outlook emphasizing the significance of personal independence, autonomy, and self-reliance, often prioritizing individual rights and freedoms above collective interests.
define collectivism
Collectivism, conversely, is a societal perspective emphasizing the cohesion of groups or communities, where collective goals, welfare, and harmony hold paramount importance over individual pursuits.
two studies for cultural dimensions looking at IandC
Hofstede 1980
Barry 1959
define social category salience
this is when the behaviors of a social category/ingroup are made more vivid and aware of within the environment, which changes the behaviors of the perceiver and target.
informational social influence
individuals conform to the beliefs or behaviors of a group because they believe the group possesses accurate information and provides guidance in ambiguous or uncertain situations.
what is the emic approach
the study of cultural norms that are specific to one group of people or within one culture, looking at their behaviors, values, beliefs, deep culture is more prominent here.
that culture is not compared with other cultures, thus it is not applicable nor generalizable to other cultures.
what is the etic approach
outsiders perspective, they look at a certain culture to gain a general understanding of their behaviors and traditions, which is then compared by their culture. this approach is able to draw general conclusions and generalize the findings to other cultures (potentially), it is more applicable.
define illusory correlation
making links between two variables that are not related
people perceive a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist or is much weaker than they believe.
1. grain of truth hypothesis: one experience with an individual causes that conclusion to be generalized to a group
2. distinctiveness based - connecting two variables based on a stimuli that stands out the most.
studies for culture and its influence on behavior and cognition
Chen et al 2005
kulkofsky et al 2011
looks at surface n deep culture, define that in the erq its a part of this.
define culture and its influence on behavior and cognition
cultures are made up of a set of attitudes, behaviors and symbols shared by a large group of people, and usually communicated from one generation to the next.
cultural groups are characterized by different norms and conventions.
define enculturation
process by which ppl learn the necessary and appropriate skills and norms in the context of their culture.
define acculturation
ppl may change as a result of contact with another culture in order to assimilate with that new culture.
2 studies for enculturation (behavior and cognition)
odden and rochet 2004 - observational learning
demorest et al 2008 - musical memory
define observational learning
method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.
define acculturative stress/culture shock
the stress (feelings of worry/concern/anxiety - negative emotions) that emerge when individuals must adapt to a new culture of the host society.
2 studies for acculturation (behavior and cognition)
miranda and matheny 2000 - behaviors and attitudes - factors decreasing acculturative stress - coping strategies.
wang et al 2010 - cognition - rs between acculturation and depression, anxiety and self-esteem etc.
