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Fascism For Dummies By E.McEwan > Key Features Of Unification and pre WW1 liberal Italy > Flashcards

Key Features Of Unification and pre WW1 liberal Italy Flashcards

1
Q

N3 of France

A

Sent 100k troops to help expel Austria in exchange for gaining nice and savoy for France

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2
Q

VE2 of piedmont

A
  • first king of Italy

- refused to retitle himself as VE1

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3
Q

Who did Cavour do a deal with to get French help to expel Austria?

A

N3

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4
Q

What is cavours goal?

A

To create an independent Italian state in N & C, but not to include backward S.

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5
Q

How does Italy gain Venetia?

A

Prussia and Italy fight Austria. Prussia wins. Italy loses. Prussia wins Venetia for Italy

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6
Q

How do the Italians get Rome?

A

Prussia defeats France who withdraws its troops protecting the pope from Rome. Italian troops move in.

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7
Q

Risorgimento?

A

Period during which Italy became one united state. Means rebirth. Triumph for nationalism

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8
Q

What had Cavour been trying to create?

A

Not a United Italy but an enlarged state in the N.

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9
Q

Who did most of the fighting against the Austrians?

A

Initially France. In 1866 it was Prussian troops who were victorious against Austria

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10
Q

More Italians were to die rebelling against their new govt in the 1860s than…

A

Died fighting for it in 1859-60

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11
Q

Italia irredenta

A

Austria kept trentino and South Tyrol.

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12
Q

What do some historians argue?

A

That there is a connection between the Risorgimento and the later coming to power of the fascists

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13
Q

Why is there a connection between Risorgimento and fascism?

A

As a direct result from how Italy was created but not fully unified, the new Italian suffered from weaknesses which made it susceptible to fascism

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14
Q

Domestic issues: from Risorgimento to fascism

A
  • lack of popular involvement in making Italy meant that masses did not identify with new state- were not given the vote.
  • unification process dominated by the elite who were not dedicated to major social reforms (LIBERAL OLIGARCHY)
  • pope hostile to new state
  • makers of Italy not intended to include backward S in a united Italy so neglected its problems.
  • debts incurred in wars of unification meant new govt imposed high taxes and restricted social spending
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15
Q

FP:from Risorgimento to fascism

A
  • reliance on foreign armies to unify Italy contributed to a national inferiority complex and a desire to show Italy was a great power.
  • failure to defeat Austria in 1866 left Austria holding South Tyrol and trentino- Italia irredenta
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16
Q

Overall: Risorgimento to fascism

A

Creation of a new state raised expectations of social reform and national greatness

Not fulfilled by LG

Offered by fascism

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17
Q

In 1914 what percentage owned 50% of land?

A

0.01%

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18
Q

What were latifundia?

A

Large, inefficient noble owned estates

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19
Q

The south, aka…

A

Mezzogiorno

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20
Q

What percent of pop were rural pre war?

A

57%

UK:13%

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21
Q

Agrari

A

Large landowners

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22
Q

Braccianti

A

Small agricultural labourers (most of rural pop)

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23
Q

Mezzadri

A

Tenant farmers

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24
Q

How much rail track was in the N & S? (1861)

A

N=350km

S=100km (GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED)

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25
Q

Examples of dialect variations for child

A

Italian=bambino

Lazio=regazzino

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26
Q

When was there a wide scale migration to growing towns in the N?

A

1880s

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27
Q

D’Azeglio

A

“We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians”

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28
Q

How do you win over people to the new state?

A

-successful DP and FP

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29
Q

In the 1890s what percent of the S had no roads?

A

90%

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30
Q

How many emigrated to the US (1870-1900)?

A

5 m

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31
Q

Key problems: opposition of the church

A
  • pope told catholics not to participate in new state

- priests helped to stir unrest amongst peasantry

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32
Q

Key problems: economic problems

A
  • govt debt
  • high taxes on poor
  • N/S divide heightened by N industrialisation
  • frequent unrest, especially in Sicily: 1860s, 1893-4 major revolts
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33
Q

Key problems:pol problems

A
  • limited suffrage meant most Italians uninvolved in new state bar paying taxes and being conscripted into army
  • politicians corrupt: frequent changes of govt
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34
Q

Key problems: FP

A
  • Italia irredenta: areas populated by Italians kept by Austria in 1866
  • govt had inferiority complex
  • defeat at adowa 1896
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35
Q

How many people had vote?

A

Initially:2%

1882: 25%
1912: most males

Thus PPs did not reflect popular wishes

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36
Q

Transformismo

A

Art of bribes and favours in exchange for deals.

Corrupt

Increased sense of alienation masses felt towards system

Pol all about deals

37
Q

Corruption in local govt

A

Central govt appointed prefects who ran the provinces and made sure govt appointed candidates won elections

Bribery and inefficiency rife within the administration

Only further discredited the liberal system in masses eyes

38
Q

Gulf between…

A

Legal Italy and real Italy

Masses knew little of went on beyond their villages

For them Italy not a country but was just the power that forced them to pay taxes and do military service

39
Q

Why was Italy’s industrial development always going to be limited?

A

Lack of key resources such as coal and iron

40
Q

When was the industrial boom in the N?

A

1900-10

41
Q

What were Italy’s main industries?

A

Silk and engineering

42
Q

How did the new govt economically unite Italy?

A
  • abolished internal tariffs
  • established a single Italian market (internal free trade)

However harmed what little industry existed in S- couldn’t compete with the more advanced N

Rapid growth of N only exacerbated the divide

43
Q

What did most Italian govts put a high priority on?

A

Balancing the budget (revenue matches expenditure)

44
Q

What did the new state inherit?

A

Large debts caused by wars of unification

Taxes raised to pay debts

Hit poorest the hardest

45
Q

By 1900 Italians were…

A

The most taxed people in Europe

46
Q

What happened when workers striked for higher wages?

A

Govt supported employers in rejecting such demands

47
Q

What did most govts consider an important issue for instilling nationalism?

A

Education

48
Q

Illiteracy levels (1871 to 1911)

A

N= 1871- 42% 1911- 11%

S= 1871- 88% 1911- 65%

49
Q

Why did the pope have beef with liberal state?

A

Most of his land had been taken off him during unification process

Left with just Vatican City

Considered liberalism as a sin- promoted religious freedom. Catholicism only true religion

50
Q

When did the pope start to instruct catholics not to vote?

A

1874

Priests main source of info for most

51
Q

Why did nationalism increase?

A

Development of communications

52
Q

When did the pope allow catholics to vote?

A

1904 to defeat socialists

53
Q

Battle of adowa

A

1896- 15k Italian causalities

Humiliating defeat at hands of an African country- betrayed govt incompetency

54
Q

Bismarck

A

“Large appetite but little teeth”

55
Q

Italia irredenta

A

Lands on NE border with maj of Italian speakers that had been retained by Austria in 1866

  • istria
  • trentino
  • South Tyrol
56
Q

Why were Italians discontent over FP?

A

Never gained all Italia irredenta.

Italian govts resented this but realised not strong enough to challenge Austria

57
Q

Pros and cons of successful FP

A

+ might serve to make more Italians identify with their country

  • war cher so might cause discontent
58
Q

Italy wanted to rival great powers of Europe, this meant

A

Gaining colonies

59
Q

When does Italy fail to gain Tunisia (France takes it)?

A

1881

60
Q

What does Italy do as a consequence of the French Tunisia snub?

A

Joins the anti French alliance w/ Germany and A-H

1882

61
Q

In the 1880s where did Italy build up its influence?

A

Horn of Africa (E Africa)

-Italian somaliland (1889)

62
Q

When was the decade of crises for the liberal state?

A

1890s

63
Q

Why was the 1890s a decade of crises for the liberal state?

A

Faced major challenges both from LW and RW.

Mass unrest met by repression

An attempt to set up a more authoritarian govt, relying on royal decrees- precursor to Fascism

However, a resurgence of support for lib candidates in 1900 election helped reestablish parlt dominance

Survived but realised that it could not rely on repression alone and that fundamental changes were required to bridge gap between real and legal Italy

64
Q

The crises of 1890s

A

(1) left
- 1892 to 94: mass peasant unrest in S put down by 40k troops
- 1898: strikes and riots in N cities= 100 demos shot
- 1900: unberto I assassinated
(2) right
- move to set up a more authoritarian gift restricting individual liberty led to GG’s attempt to reconcile real and legal Italy

65
Q

Development of industry in N

A

1880s and 1890s

66
Q

What was the development of industries in the N paralleled by?

A

Founding of TUs

67
Q

What were many TUs linked by?

A

The socialist run CGL

68
Q

CGL= industrial socialists. What were the different wings?

A

Reformers (mods)

Syndicalists (extremists): strikes- overthrow system- set up new society based on TU organisation)

69
Q

When was PSI established?

A

1900

70
Q

How much of the vote did it gain in 1913?

A

20%

71
Q

When did the maximalists gain control of PSI?

A

1912

72
Q

Wings in PSI

A

Minimalists (mods): reform via parlt

Maximalists (extremists): strive to achieve full programme of socialist state

73
Q

When was the Italian National Association established?

A

1911

74
Q

What was the Italian national association’s slogan?

A

“Our country is nothing without conquest”

75
Q

When did Macroni invent the wireless?

A

1896

76
Q

Futurists

A
  • famous example: Marinetti
  • disliked comfort, wanted action, violence, etc
  • strong supporters of nationalism and imperialism
77
Q

How much did real wages rise between 1890-1913?

A

25%

78
Q

Outcome of GG’s reforms

A

In trying to please one section he alienated the other. By trying to win over mod catholics and socialists, he upset some libs who feared any increase in their influence

79
Q

What was GG’s policy to industrial disputes?

A

State should remain neutral in industrial disputes to court WC vote.

Failed to satisfy TUs and growth of socialism continued

Alienated industrialists who no longer believed in a system that didn’t protect their interests- began to look for more authoritarian forms of govt.

80
Q

Which class grew during the GG years?

A

PB- due to increase in bureaucracy.

Concerned about the dangers of socialism, power of big business and weakness of LG- they too looking for alternatives

81
Q

When did Italy attack Libya?

A

1911

82
Q

Who did Italy take Libya from?

A

Turkey- the “sick man of Europe”

83
Q

Why did many Italians resent the Libyan war?

A
  • conscripted into a war they did not understand
  • increased taxation to pay for it

Victory may have reduced criticism for nationalists but strengthened socialist criticism

84
Q

How was GG’s social reforms undermined?

A

He used transformismo to gain these policies.

He appeared to be just another unprincipled schemer- “master of the underworld”

85
Q

What happened despite GG’s reforms in 1914?

A

Worst outbreak of unrest since 1898.

Red week

Shooting of three demos sparked riots and demos in major cities

Some govt buildings seized

General strike called but the various socialist groups failed to organise themselves effectively

86
Q

What happened in red romagna in 1914?

A

2 areas were proclaimed independent republics

87
Q

How did govt respond to red week?

A

Govt used 1000s of troops to restore order

88
Q

What were the effects of red week?

A
  • frightened the bourgeoisie
  • showed that GG’s attempts to absorb the workers into the system had failed
  • his failure showed that the regime had failed to satisfy key groups: its position was finely balanced when WW1 erupted and transformed its future
89
Q

Why did Mazzini call Italy a “sham democracy”?

A
  • Ultimate constitutional power lay with the King and not the people
  • liberal oligarchy

Fascism For Dummies By E.McEwan (35 decks)

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