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Fascism For Dummies By E.McEwan > DP- The CC > Flashcards

DP- The CC Flashcards

1
Q

What was the role of CC in Italy?

A

-90% C

But their commitment varied:
-only 20% visited church every Sunday.

Especially influential in the countryside- peasants relied on priests for news

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2
Q

BM’s pre-1922 religious position

A
  • father: anti CC socialist
  • referred to priests as “black germs”
  • described religion as a “malaise on the brain”
  • wrote pamphlet “God Does Not Exist”
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3
Q

Who was BM named after?

A

Southern American anti-C revolutionary, Benito Juarez

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4
Q

Why did BM end the CC-state quarrel?

A
  • part of his initial policy of favouring the elite

- he was also continuing the improvement of relations that had begun before WW1

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5
Q

What was a clear area of conflict in the PNF?

A

Fascism claimed to be a totalitarian state, which should not allow a powerful alternative set of beliefs.

Radicals were displeased

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6
Q

Why did CC want to heal the rift?

A

F=best alternative

-would help restore their influence over the everyday lives of Italians

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7
Q

Why did BM want to heal the rift?

A

-boost both his Domestic and International prestige.

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8
Q

When did BM renounce atheism?

A

1922

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9
Q

What did BM outlaw which pleased catholics?

A

Freemasonry

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10
Q

What did BM reintroduce?

A
  • measures that appeared to support catholic teaching.
  • crucifix restored to classrooms and courtrooms
  • catholic ritual restored to public ceremonies
  • RE introduced
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11
Q

What did BM exempt catholic priests from?

A

Taxation

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12
Q

Now as a champion of family values & protector of public morals, BM…

A

1) tightened divorce laws
2) banned contraception & abortion
3) introduced penalties for adultery
4) public swearing made an offence
5) women= short skirts and makeup discouraged

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13
Q

What did he do in 1925 to adhere to this family man image?

A
  • renewed his vows with Rachele

- had his kids baptised

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14
Q

What did CC do to show its support for BM before 1929?

A

Priests spoke favourably c. Fascism and agreed to bless F regalia and banners.

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15
Q

What beef was there during 1922-29 between CC and state?

A

position far from settled- F govt would no way restore papal lands to the papacy, or papal influence in temporal matters.

Also remained those in both sides who remained bitterly opposed to any from of agreement with the other.

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16
Q

Who met for secret talks with the state?

A

Gasparri

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17
Q

Why did it take three years to form a compromise?

A

There was an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion on both sides so progress was slow

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18
Q

What did BM make clear would happen if no agreement could be made?

A

He would unleash a campaign of violence against Catholic organisations, so the LPs were signed under great duress

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19
Q

When was the Lateran treaty signed?

A

Feb 1929

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20
Q

What did the agreement between CC and state consist of?

A

Two documents:

1) the treaty
2) the concordat

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21
Q

What did the Lateran treaty part of the Lateran pacts cover?

A

It was a political treaty, and formed two parts:

1) territorial arrangements
2) financial arrangements

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22
Q

What were the territorial arrangements of the Lateran treaty?

A
  • Vatican City, 109 acres in Rome, made a SOVEREIGN state: had its own army, police, etc.
  • in return the pope recognised the KoI with Rome as its capital.
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23
Q

What were the financial arrangements of the Lateran treaty?

A
  • given:

750M lire
And
1000M in govt bonds

As compensation for the lands lost in unification.

24
Q

What was the concordat?

A

intended to regulate Church-State relations

  • C recognised as the sole religion of the state
  • State veto over major CC appointments
  • RE in secondary and elementary schools
  • Church marriages recognised by the state
  • Church control of divorce
  • The state accepted the existence of CA
25
Q

Who got the best deal- the CC or the F state? (P1)

A

Some Fs believe that BM had got the worst of the deal. Felt he’d gone too far and given away more than necessary.

HOWEVER, boosted his domestic and international prestige. People claimed:
BM has “given back God to Italy and Italy to God”

26
Q

Impact of the Lateran Treaty 1929

A

BM did not consider the deal to be between equals but an alliance which left the CC subordinate to him.

  • BM also determined to confine the influence of the CC to RELIGIOUS MATTERS: he didn’t envisage any CC involvement in F policies, or a situation in which he’d tolerate any Papal criticisms of F policies.
  • Consequently, old differences soon emerged and these soon emerged:
    1) first trip to Vatican- BM refuses to kiss Pope’s ring
    2) dispute over CA
27
Q

When was CA first set up?

A

1865

28
Q

What was CA?

A

With the abolition of CIL and the Catholic Boy Scouts, it was the only body actively engaged in caring for the interests of Catholics.

29
Q

What article of the Concordat recognised its independence?

A

Article 43

30
Q

Though A43 recognised CA’s independence, BM felt?

A

Its activities encroached on those of the Balilia so he decided to eliminate it.

CA attacked in press
attacks on the CA premises and its members

31
Q

How did Pope Pius XI react to F violence against CA?

A

In 1931 published encycical Non Abiamo Bisogno (We Have No Need)

32
Q

1931- encyclical Non Abiamo Bisogno

A

banned in Italy
but copies reached rest of Europe.
Smuggled out of the Vatican, and widely read by the Italian public.

33
Q

What was the outcome of the CA dispute?

A

A compromise agreement.

Catholic bishops not to appoint CA officers who are “adverse to the regime”.
Not allowed to become involved in sport- i.e. not allowed to engage in activities that would bring them in direct competition with the Balilia.

34
Q

What did BM gain from the Concordat?

A
  • Church could be portrayed as the regime’s ally
  • CC joined the consensus behind the new regime- legitimises it
  • Regime gained international prestige
  • CC helped the govt reach the C rural masses
35
Q

What did the Church gain from the Concordat?

A
  • New Vatican state w/ full sovereign rights
  • Role of C doctrine in school curriculum
  • An autonomous sphere, a virtual state within a state, where it could develop its non-political institutions
36
Q

By the 1930s how many members did CA have?

A

1M

an obstacle to full F mobilisation of the Italians.

37
Q

How did the CC take part in everyday F life?

A
  • Priests participated in ONB activities
  • Priests and party officials cooperated in campaigning against modern dancing, short skirts, etc.
  • Clergy praised BM
38
Q

What was the slogan which stressed the unity of the church and the state?

A

” Per il papa e per il duce”

39
Q

What did a Catholic journal urge?

A

Catholics to “go to the polls and give your vote to the govt”

40
Q

The church hierarchy welcomed the “crusades” against heathenism and BOLSHEVISM in?

A

Abyssinia and Spain

41
Q

Beneath the reconciliation, there was criticism on both sides?

A

Some RADICAL Fs considered the Concordat a betrayal of their aims- a truly totalitarian state cannot permit another set of ideas to exist

Some PRIESTS were concerned with their hierarchy’s close identification w/ F state

42
Q

What happened in 1930 when the ARCHBISHOP OF MILAN openly praised F?

A

300 of his priests circulated an open letter of protest saying good Cs could not accept F.

43
Q

What were the 2 CC-STATE quarrels?

A

1931- CA

1937-38: Antisemitism

44
Q

What did the antisemitism quarrel develop into?

A

A more broader challenge to the nature of F than CA wobble.

45
Q

How did CC react to 1938 race laws?

A

Pope and priests PUBLICLY criticised the govt for infringing Christianity by forbidding marriage between Jews (some of whom converted to Catholicism) and Italians.

46
Q

Who really won from the LT?

A

-BM benefited politically
BUT Church made more lasting gains.
-CC continued its mission in its network of welfare, social & cultural institutions based on Christian rather than F principles, which probably undermined the impact of F propaganda.

47
Q

What was there in the 1930s?

A

a considerable RELIGIOUS REVIVAL:
no.s of church marriages, schools and priests increasing.

The circulation of C newspaper and the activities of the CA also grew.

48
Q

What was the CC newspaper called?

A

L’Osservatore Romano

49
Q

The careful CC leadership allowed the Church to do?

A

With it’s “don’t rock the boat” approach, the Church weakened the totalitarian claims of the regime, and through CA it was able to provide an ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENT for its 1M members.

50
Q

What was the CC’s student federation called and what did it allow the Church to do after the collapse of F?

A

FUCI

Helped the CC to emerge as a major pol. force w/ a new generation of leaders after the collapse of F.

51
Q

Clark’s view on CC-STATE relations

A
  • “The CC was the greatest obstacle to any totalitarian regime; it was the only institution which couldn’t be eradicated/ emasculated”.
  • “Although the CC undoubtedly contributed to the F consensus between 1926 and 1938, she was also a rival who was building up her strength”.
52
Q

Duggan

A

“The resolution of the Roman Q was a great pol. coup for BM”
“It allowed F to realise the long harboured dream of the LG of using the CC as an instrument for securing mass pol. consent”
“The reconciliation w/ the CC was bought at a high price- by conceding independence to CA, F surrendered any serious claim to a monopoly of ideology”.

53
Q

R. Grew

A

“The CC did resist the attacks on CA and did formally renounce BM’s racial policy in late 1938. No opposition to a complete totalitarianism was MORE FORMIDABLE”.

54
Q

Koon

A

“The CC proved to be as tenacious a competitor as BM had feared.”
“The existence of CA provided an alternative to F conformity”
“The Pope chartered a cautious course, willing to concede tactical victories in his overall strategy to preserve the gains of conciliation”
“The CC was never a rallying point of organised anti-F”

55
Q

The CC remained a powerful influence and

A

survived to influence I’s pol development after 1943

56
Q

The Concordat was said to be

A

BM’s greatest but least F achievement.

57
Q

BM gained a veto over?

A

key Church appointments

Fascism For Dummies By E.McEwan (35 decks)

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