Giolitti

Question 1

what did Salvemini call GG?

Answer 1

“master of the underworld”

Question 2

What was Giolittismo?

Answer 2

Proved himself to be a master of the political system.

Like Crispi and Depretis, he was a manipulator but unlike them knew what was needed to restore Italy.

Question 3

How did GG aim to unite Italy?

Answer 3

1) Reduce class differences

2) Balancing the demands of various political and social groups.

Question 4

How did GG aim to balance to balance the demands of various political and social groups?

Answer 4

sought the cooperation of the socialists and catholics and showed a willingness to work with other PPs and adopt their ideals.

Thus drawing them to the centre ground of Italian politics.

Question 5

Why was GG a contradiction?

Answer 5

used corrupt means to achieve his liberal aims- “Giolittismo”

Question 6

What happened in 1904?

Answer 6

GG sparingly involved the military to deal with a general strike (to avoid public hostility).

Used the occasion to appeal to Italians to reject pol extremism.

Even offers socialist deps an alliance- DECLINED.

His approach frightens industrials and latifundia.

Question 7

What did the government provide in 1904?

Answer 7

Govt arbiters to deal with industrial disputes (CORPORATISM)

Question 8

When was Red Week?

Answer 8

June 1914

Question 9

What started Red Week?

Answer 9

violent strikes occurred in Ancona and Romagna when strikers confronted strike breakers hired by local employers.

Question 10

Who egged on Red Week?

Answer 10

The LW press- especially BM (Avanti!)

Question 11

What happened in Red Week?

Answer 11

• rioters took to the street in Ancona and then formed a local commune.
• In Romagna, shops looted & railway tracks destroyed. Declared itself an independent republic.

Question 12

How many soldiers did GG have to send to restore order during Red Week?

Answer 12

100k

Question 13

Why did Red Week fail?

Answer 13

• movement lacked good leadership & organisation- once faced with force the GS collapsed.
• order was restored but a residue of discontent remained- culminated in Biennio Rosso?

Question 14

Why was GG lucky in his early years of office?

Answer 14

Because it coincided with a period of economic boon & industrial expansion.

Question 15

What was the impact of rapid industrial development?

Answer 15

• unemployment reduced

- Italy’s trade with rest of world DOUBLED

Question 16

What companies were founded during this period of economic boon?

Answer 16

• Fiat (1899)

- Alfa Romeo (1910)

Question 17

When were the railways nationalised?

Answer 17

1904

Question 18

What was the impact of nationalisation of railways?

Answer 18

resulted in better public services and improved transport facilities for manufacturers and exporters.

Question 19

What did GG want to do with the improving national finances?

Answer 19

ensure that this newfound prosperity would be spent on social reform to benefit the poorer classes.

Question 20

GG reforms: workers

Answer 20

• factory conditions to be supervised
• steps taken to encourage accident prevention
• working hours regulated
• targeted the employment of kids and women

Question 21

GG reforms: agricultural reform- why?

Answer 21

The fact that 1/2M (mainly from the S) were emigrating annually suggested urgent need for agricultural reform.

Question 22

GG reforms: agricultural reform

Answer 22

• increased expenditure to provide water & improved communications in rural areas
• OAP & healthcare insurance introduced
• Tax on salt removed
• public holidays legally enforced

Question 23

Despite the Coppino Law, how much of the pop was still illiterate?

Answer 23

50%

Question 24

Education: 1911

Answer 24

responsibility for education was taken from local communities and passed to provincial authorities.

Question 25

When were CoD members first paid?

Answer 25

1911 (same year B MPs first paid)

Question 26

What was the Electoral Law 1912?

Answer 26

-extended the franchise to all men over 30- literate or not- as well as to all men of any age serving in the armed forces.

Question 27

What did the 1912 Electoral Law increase the electorate to?

Answer 27

9M- would shoot GG in the foot lol

symbols for illiterate on ballot card

Question 28

Did GG’s reforms please everyone?

Answer 28

NO

Radical LW- did not go far enough

Right- went too far

UCs & MCs alarmed by the concessions made to socialists- started to Q whether liberalism served their best interests.

Question 29

Why did GG resign in March 1914?

Answer 29

disagreed over Italy’s involvement in WW1.

Question 30

What scandal was he involved in?

Answer 30

The Banca Romana scandal (1893)

60,000 lire

Caused him to resign

Question 31

What happened in the 1913 election?

Answer 31

Libs win election (300 seats) as PPI agree to work with them.

• promised church schools
• promised to ban divorce

As a result, mod. socialists abandoned him.