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Fascism For Dummies By E.McEwan > Anarchy & Socialism- 1880-90s (Years of dicontent and unrest) > Flashcards

Anarchy & Socialism- 1880-90s (Years of dicontent and unrest) Flashcards

1
Q

1880s and 1990s saw an

A

increase in violence

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2
Q

An increasing no. of people became convinced that the solution to their problems lay in the views of…

A

1) Mikhail Bakunin

2) Karl Marx

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3
Q

Mikhail Bakunin

A
  • anarchist
  • believed in absolute freedom of the individual
  • the overthrowing of state was necessary to achieve such freedom.
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4
Q

Karl Marx

A
  • socialist

- believed in the inevitability of a class struggle in order to overthrow the capitalist system.

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5
Q

When was Umberto I assassinated?

A

July 1900

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6
Q

What was U1 referred to as?

A

“The Good King”

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7
Q

What did U1 do as king?

A
  • supported free elementary education
  • wanted to widen suffrage
  • made Italy first country to abolish capital punishment
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8
Q

Who did U1 personally decorate?

A

General Bava-Becarris

INFLAMED anti-monarchists

Sparked his assassination.

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9
Q

Who was U1 assassinated by?

A

Gateano Bresci

to avenge the victims of Milan

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10
Q

Who was U1 succeeded by?

A

His son, VE3.

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11
Q

Who were the 2 prominent Italian anarchist revolutionaries?

A

1) Errico Malatesta

2) Anna Kuliscioff

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12
Q

Errico Malatesta

A
  • set up socialist newspaper, La Questione Sociale

- associate of Bakunin.

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13
Q

Anna Kuliscioff

A
  • worked on Avanti!
  • arrested for being involved in the 1898 Milan Bread Riots
  • 1911: formed the Socialist Committee for Female Suffrage
  • opposed Fascism
  • Blackshirts trashed her funeral in 1925
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14
Q

What did Kuliscioff call BM?

A

a “scoundrel dressed like a gentleman”

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15
Q

When were the Milan Bread Riots?

A

May 1898

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16
Q

How did the MBRs start?

A

price of bread rose
anti govt feeling reached its zenith when demos & riots took place in the streets of Milan.
got out of hand- clashes between the demos and police.

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17
Q

Military units were sent to Milan under which general?

A

General Bava- Beccaris

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18
Q

What tactics did Gen. Bava-Beccaris use?

A
  • ordered his troops to fire on open crowds

- even cannons were used

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19
Q

How many civilians were killed by Bava-Beccaris’ troops in the MBRs?

A

80

450 injured.

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20
Q

What was later claimed about the POs in the MBRs?

A

(1) Inadequate numbers of POs to deal w/ incident was due to them being dispatched to deal w/ troubles elsewhere.
(2) If better trained troops had been used there would have been fewer casualties.

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21
Q

What caused a massive public outcry w/ regard to the MBRs?

A

General Bava-Beccaris’ methods

Public disdain intensified when U1 gave him the GRAND CROSS OF THE ORDER OF SAVOY for his services to the country.

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22
Q

When did Crispi’s govt resign?

A

July 1898

23
Q

Who was Crispi replaced with?

A

General Pelloux

24
Q

What cabinet did Gen. Pelloux have?

A

a “Cabinet of Generals”

25
Q

What was Gen. Pelloux’s tenure like?

A

started off CONCILIATORY but pressure from MCs forced him to be MORE REACTIONARY.

26
Q

What law did Gen. Pelloux try to introduced which the CoD refused to pass?

A

a new law which empowered govt to BAN any organisation whose activities were considered a threat to national security.

CoD refused to pass it- forced Pelloux to call an election- didn’t work in his favour as he still had no allies.

27
Q

When and why did Gen Pelloux resign?`

A

1900

Because his attempt to run Italy along military authoritarian style had FAILED.

28
Q

What did the activities of both socialists and anarchists involve?

A

terror

29
Q

When was the first assassination attempt on U1?

A

1878

30
Q

When were there bomb outrages in Florence and Pisa?

A

1880

31
Q

What was the situation inflamed by?

A
  • Increasing evidence of corruption in the UCs

- the failure of the govt

32
Q

What happened in 1894?

A

riots in Italy

33
Q

How many troops did Crispi send in to deal with the 1894 riots?

A

400k troops (EXTREME FORCE)

34
Q

What did Crispi’s extreme force in dealing with the 1894 riots drive the peasants to do?

A
  • to take more extreme action.
  • workers rioted in the Carrara district
  • bombs thrown in Rome
  • someone tried to assassinate Crispi
35
Q

How did Crispi react to the uproar against his extreme methods in dealing with the 1894 riots?

A

Banned all socialist workers’ organisations

BACKFIRED

Public sympathy grew for their cause as he created martyrs.

36
Q

What did the Latifundia & MCs urge Crispi’s govt to do?

A

Adopt a stronger line against the Socialists.

U1 attempted a more conciliatory approach- used his powers to reduce the sentences.

37
Q

What year was there…

(1) riots in Rome
(2) another attempt on U1’s life

A

1891

38
Q

What year was there a poor harvest?

A

1898

39
Q

What exacerbated the country’s danger of edging towards a collapse in L&O?

A

1898 poor harvest

40
Q

What was the impact of the poor harvest in 1898?

A
  • widespread rioting in Romagna & Tuscany
  • increased S’s plight
  • uprisings in Apulia in the S- Gen. Pelloux puts it down w/o any excessive, harsh force.
41
Q

What was Socialism’s problem?

A
  • From the start it was broad based but fragmented & liable to break up into small splinter groups.
  • Italian socialists depended on the support of the industrial proletariat & WC associations- PROBLEM: Only 4M out of 25M were employed in industry
42
Q

How many were employed in industry?

A

4M out of 25M

43
Q

Why were TUs slow to develop?

A

there was little collaboration between different groups of workers.

44
Q

What was the total membership of workers associations?

A

250k

45
Q

Who were the radical leaders in Italian Socialism?

A
  • Turati
  • Labriola
  • Cavallotti

~tended to be men of thoughts rather than action.
~were moderates- wished to infiltrate parlt to bring around social reform.
~had to deal w/ extremists such as syndicalists.

46
Q

When was the Chamber of Labour set up?

A

1891

Was the first regional workers’ organisation

47
Q

When was the Italian Workers’ Party set up?

A

1892

48
Q

What were the different strands in the campaign to establish an Italian Socialist Party?

A

(1) PRAMPOLINI: wanted a Christian type of Socialism.
(2) TURATI: MC lawyer, favoured moderate change w/o violence.
(3) ANDREA COSTA: led the Revolutionary Socialist Party

49
Q

When and who was the first socialist dep elected to the CoD?

A

1882

ANDREA COSTA

50
Q

Who was the leading campaigner for women’s rights in the Socialist movement?

A

Anna Kuliscioff

51
Q

What year was the PSI formed?

A

1895

52
Q

What % of the vote did the PSI have in 1913?

A

20%

53
Q

What did the PSI want?

A 
~franchise for ALL men & women
~religious equality
~OAP
~FSM
~8hr working day
~sought to pay CoD to reduce bribery.

Fascism For Dummies By E.McEwan (35 decks)

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