judgement and policing

Question 1

code of ethics

Answer 1

gather information and intelligence
assess threat and risk and develop a working strategy.
consider powers and policy.
Options – identify options and contingencies
take action and review what happened.

Question 2

what are the policing principles

Answer 2

accountiablility
fainess
honesty
integrity
leadership
objectivity
openness
respect
selflessness

Question 3

what are the types of logic

Answer 3

abductive reasoning
deductive
inductive

Question 4

abductive reasoning

Answer 4

incomplete observation = best prediction

Question 5

deductive reasoning

Answer 5

general rule = specific conclusion

Question 6

inductive reasoning

Answer 6

specific observation = general conclusion

Question 7

why decision making is needed

Answer 7

unsolved crimes
unsuccessful persecution
unpunished offenders
wrong conviction

Question 8

pragmatism

Answer 8

not all crimes need solving
not all solvable crimes are solved
cognitive bias

Question 9

who wrote thinking fast and slow within what year

Answer 9

kahneman 2011

Question 10

system one ?

Answer 10

intuition is automatic reasoning is not
intuition falls between automatic and deliberate operations
reasoning over rules intuition

Question 11

what are schema

Answer 11

self-serving stereotypes

Question 12

cognitive miser model

Answer 12

social perceive limited to seeing things in terms of assumptions and expectations

Question 13

how is processing ?

Answer 13

automatic and below consciousness
affected with emotional state

Question 14

fundamental attribution error (FAE)

Answer 14

explanations for the causes of our or others behaviour internal causes vs external causes

Question 14

common attribution errors ?

Answer 14

cause effect bias
situational causes are overlooked by internal
leading to identity fallacy
rip Diana

Question 15

heuristics

Answer 15

rule of thumb
simple questions over complex ones
intuitive level
can lead to cognitive bias

Question 16

heuristics and cognitive bias

Answer 16

representative heuristics - making categories to weather an item is representative of the category it belongs to

Question 17

anchoring heuristics

Answer 17

influence of stating-point on final estimate

Question 17

tunnel vision heuristics

Answer 17

elimination of suspects due to preoccupation with prime

Question 18

satisfying heuristic

Answer 18

selection of first identified alternative rather than extensive analysis

Question 19

confirmation bias

Answer 19

search for evidence that confirms hypothesis

Question 20

cognitive bias and criminal investigation

Answer 20

1. suspect identifies
2. build case

Question 21

who created the 2 stages

Answer 21

stelfox and pease 2005

Question 22

what happens when pressure to move prematurely from investigator?

Answer 22

leads to injustice

Question 23

itiel doror

Answer 23

bias in professional judgement finger prints DNA sample interpretation

Question 24

how can bias be minimised

Answer 24

differentiate between what we know what we think we know what we would like to know basis of 5 x 5 x 5

Question 25

retrospective detective roach 2017

Answer 25

cog bias with cold case same mind set is needed and same investigative decisions are made

Question 26

live cases are comprised of ?

Answer 26

fresh, real time, greater chance of reliable witness, forensic evidence, pressure is intimidate, offender alive

Question 27

cold cases are comprised of ?

Answer 27

low optimism less reliable witness little control of storing evidence pressure less but constant fair chance offender is dead

Question 28

Bayesian thinking and confidence

Answer 28

changes perspective based on the info given

Question 29

what causes cognitive bias

Answer 29

pressure, resources, competing demands, change reluctant, overwhelming amounts of information

Question 30

what other organisational factors come to play

Answer 30

group thinking over confidence in group abilities red herrings