detecting deception Flashcards
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reasons for lying
avoidance
personal advantage
humour
pathological
harmful
how often do we lie hancock 2007
deception 14% emails sent
27% to their face
37% phone conversations
how much do we lie
hample ‘80 - married couples ie 1 put of 10 times with their partner
depaulo ‘96
college students lie to their mothers in half their conversations
zuckermans 1981 definition of deception
An act intended to foster in
another person a belief or
understanding that the deceiver
considers false
how well do people deceive others
trying = 45%-60%
average = 54&
law enforcement are more confident but score the same
what is the emotional perspective
liers experience emotions differently and can detect them
what are the 3 emotions within the perspective
apprihention
guilt
excitement
what is the cognitive load theory
lying is more cogntive demanding and show more cogitative load because of it
used with emotional perspective pearson 2020
cognitive load research aim
develop ways to increase cognitive load so they exhibit more cues
example - reverse order event recall vrij 2008
self presentational
liers give away by a direct result of their conscious attempt to appear honest
what does self presentation suggest about liars
less forthcoming,
less compelling,
less positive,
less tense
cues to deception
depaulo 2003
158 non and verbal cues
more tense
less cooperative
less compelling
less likely to admit they carnt remember
what is wrong with depaulo 2003
infrequent and unreliable
effect is small cohen’s d about 0.10
pre-scientific lie detectors
rice grain and powder - ancient china
hot iron - Arabia and Bengal
trail slice - catholic
dry mouth = lying
what is the history of polygraph 1914
benussi research into respatory cues
polygraph 1915
marston invents discontinuous systolic blood pressure test
polygraph 1921
Larson simultaneously measures continuous changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate
polygraph 1930
keeler creates first formatized testing procedure
relevant irrelevant questions
polygraph 1936
summers paper on galvanic skin responce
measures weat production
polygraph 1938
keeler added to GSR to larson polygraph
what does the polygraph measure
cardiovascular activity
respiratory activity
electroderma activity
what is the control question technique reid 1940
relevant - reletion on crime
irrelevant - no reverence
control - examins moral character
phase 1 pre-examination interview
talk about crime,
how the test will go,
understand all the questions,
examiner can adjust the questions of crime
phase 2 - examination
suspect wired to polygraph
questions pre-set
irrelevent questions - psychological state to baseline
relevent- guilty have to deney whilst innocent deny truthfully
control - probable lie question
challenge of control questions
similar nature to crime
relevant question
comparable in every scene
independent to crime
phase 3 evaluation
examiner compares magnitude of physiological response when answering relevant and irrelevant across 3 channels
guilty= stronger reaction to relevant question
non=stronger reaction to control question
what theories are cited for the baises of CQT
arousal theories, like threat of punishment davis 1961
psychological set theory barland 1981
what are the criticisms of cqt
no standardisation and has examiner intuition
individual differences with arousal of ans and blood glucose
what does the CQT assume the innocent will be
honesty in response to relevant question
worried about the lies in control question resulting in different arousal patterns between liers and truth tellers
what does BPS make of CQT criticisms
innocent person could be aroused answering questions because relevant question is emotional
or
when innocent examine experiences fear
why is CQT used
alot of empirical up to quality standard data showing effectiveness
accuracy estimates of CQT
guilty = 74-89%
innocent = 59-83%
what is the bogus pipeline
describes the effect of being hooked up to a polygraph makes a person more likely to confess
what is concealed information test (CIT) lykken 1959
testing for crime relevant detail using polygraphs
using a multiple choice format
what is the orienting response
immidiate reaction to changes in a persons environment that is significant but dosent invoke flight or fight
develops at a young age posner 2000
what happens during orienting response
cardiovascular changes,
increased breathing and electroderman activity
bradely 2011
how to formulate CIT question
- find specific facts of crime
2.detail has to be memorable
3.create answers that could seem as a plausable answer
administering the concealed information test (CIT) matsuda 2009
pre test interview
person wired up and had 30s between seconds
measuring psychological presences to correct answer
why isnt CIT used anymore
polygraph has passed with CQT in mind
accuracy is higher.
concealed information rate = 76-84%
absence = 83-94%
what is voice stress analysis
assumption that deceptive indiviuals will have measurable microtremors in vocal chords
cestaro ‘95
lab and feild studies have found it effective palmatier 9’6
what is thermal imaging
measurs heat given off body with infared lights
some evidence but not enough for mass application
warmelink 2011
what is p300
positive event related potentia 800 milliseonds after meaning full info is recognised within series of non important stimuli
what are countermeasures
generate a fale negitive outcomes by reducing responces to significant stimuli
drugs innaffective as countermeassure to cqt lacono 1992
what did honts 1994 say about counterballancing
both the CQT and CIT are
vulnerable to physical and mental countermeasures designed
to increase response to insignificant stimuli, but although
there is variance in the degree to which the different channels
are affected
