JP* Physiology Flashcards
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Physiological Zone
Physiological Deficient Zone
Space Equivalent Zone
SL to 10,000
10,000 to 50,000
above 50,000
Atmosphere composition
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other (including .03% Carbon Dioxide)
Ebullism (tissue water vaporization) occurs above what altitude?
63,000
Dalton’s Law
Total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture.
(partial pressure decreases with altutude even though the percentage remains the same)
Boyle’s Law
Balloon
volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure surrounding it
Henry’s Law
Soda Can
The amount of gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure of that gas over the solution.
(Bubbles come out of solution as pressure decreases)
The Law of Gaseous Diffusion
A gas will diffuse from an area of higher concentration or pressure to an area of lower concentration of pressure until equilibrium is reached.
(Lungs transfer of oxygen)
Charles’ Law
Computer duster can
pressure of a gas increases or decreases proportionally to an increase or decrease in its temperature.
Phases of Respiration (4)
Ventilation (gas exchanged between lungs and environment)
Diffusion (Oxygen and CO2 pass through the alveolar membrane)
Transportation (blood)
Utilization (cellular metabolism)
How does the partial pressure of O2 at SL compare to the partial pressure of the alveoli?
160mm Hg at SL
100mm in alveoli
difference is from water vapor saturation
What is the amount of gas exchanged with each breath? (in ml)
How many exchanges per minute average?
500 milliliters
12 to 16 times per minute
What is the most important factor in the control of ventilation under normal conditions?
PCO2 of the arterial blood
In a normal human adult, plasma makes up approximately __ % of blood
55
What are 3 factors affecting oxygen delivery to the tissues?
Altitude (hypoxic hypoxia)
G-forces (stagnant hypoxia)
Toxic gases (hypemic or histotoxic hypoxia)
Treatment of Hypoxia steps (4)
Maximum Oxygen Under Pressure (gangload)
Connections - Check Security
Breathe at a rate slightly less than normal until symptoms disappear
Breathing 100% oxygen at FL____ is equivalent to breathing normal air at Sea Level. Above FL___, breathing 100% oxygen alone is not adequate to prevent hypoxia and positive pressure breathing is needed.
FL340, FL400
Treatment of Hyperventilation (4)
Maximum oxygen under pressure
Connections - Check security
Breath at a rate and depth slightly less than normal until symptoms disappear
Descend below 10,000 Feet MSL and land as soon as possible
If the pressure differential of the atmosphere over the middle ear exceeds ____ mmHg, it may be impossible to open the Eustachian tube with equalization pressure methods.
80mm Hg
A ruptured eardrum will normally heal in ___ to ___ weeks
3 to 5
USAF regulations forbid flight within ___ hours of a compressed air exposure (SCUBA diving)
24 hours
The four areas of the body influenced by the mechanical effects of trapped gases are: (4)
Ears
Sinuses
GI Tract
Teeth
The T-6 is equipped with an _______ _______ pressurization system
isobaric differential
In the T-6, an 8,000 foot cockpit altitude is maintained until a pressure differential pressure of 3.6+/-0.2 psi is reached at ____ feet. This differential is maintained from _____ to _____ feet, where maximum cockpit pressure altitude is _____ feet.
18,069 feet
18,069 to 31,000 feet
16,600 feet
Types of Decompression (2)
Slow Decompression
Rapid Decompression
the tiny pit on the retina containing only cones is called the _____
Fovea
Rods are ____ times more sensitive to light than cones
10,000
The total visual field is about ___ to ___ degrees. Of this total, the central ____ degrees is used for focal vision
160 to 170 degrees
3 degrees
What does the acronym Laser stand for?
What is the reporting procedure?
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Location of source Appearance Scanning or tracking Effects Regularity
In order to avoid the night blind spot, learn to focus a target about ___ to ___ degrees off the fovea
10 to 15 degrees
What are the 3 types of Spatial Disorientation? Which is the most dangerous?
Unrecognized SD (most dangerous)
Recognized SD
Incapacitating SD
If the semicircular canals are stimulated, the illusions are categorized as _______ illusions
If the otolith organs are stimulated, the illlusions are _______ illusions
somatogyral illusions
somatogravic illusions
If the angular acceleration stimulating the semicircular canals continues at a constant rate for a period of ___ to ___ seconds, the motion of the fluid in the canals equalizes with the motion of the canals.
10 to 20 seconds
The otolith organs sense ____ acceleration
linear
What is the somatosensory system?
Pressure receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons and joins. Used to help maintain posture and balance. “seat-of-the-pants” sense. Useless in flight
The Leans is a ____ illusion
Somatogyral
The _______ illusion occurs when two or more of the semicircular canals are stimulated
Coriolis illusion
The pitch-up/pitch-down illusion is the same as the ________ illusion
Somatogravic illusion
What is the G-Excess Effect?
Occurs when the aircraft is in a turn and you are looking outside the aircraft with your head up, towards the inside of the turn or head-down looking towards the outside of the turn. Causes the disoriented pilot to overbank
The Vestibulo-Ocular illusions is the effect of the eyes lagging behind head movement and is called _______
nystagmus
The Oculogyral Illusion occurs when the semicircular canal in the ____ plane is stimulated, causing the eyes to flick back and forth because of nystagmus.
yaw
Environmental factors affecting spatial disorientation (3)
Weather
Type of Mission
Time of Mission/Mission Duration
Physiological Factors affecting spatial disorientation (4)
Alcohol
Self-Medication
Dehydration
Fatigue
Prevention of SDO (5)
(URUS) Understand Limitations Remedy Correctable Factors Use Capabilities Properly Recognize High Risk Situations Stay Alert!
Overcoming SDO (7)
Transition to Instruments Believe the Instruments Back-Up the Pilot Flying on Instruments Minimize Head Movements Fly Straight and Level Be Prepared to Transfer/Assume Control Egress
Noise is ______ sound
unwanted
The human ear is normally receptive to frequencies between ___ and _____ Hz
20 and 20,000 Hz
Permanent hearing loss is ___ dB
The threshold for pain is ___ dB
physical damage occures at noise levels of ___ dB and above
85 dB
130 dB
150 dB
What are two types of hearing loss?
Conductive Hearing Loss (mechanical i.e. ruptured ear drum)
Sensoineural Hearing Loss (hair cells of cochlea are damaged or destroyed)
What are the 3 types of Acceleration?
Linear
Radial
Angular
Transverse G tolerable to humans is roughly ___ Gs
15
Each +G drops blood pressure ___ mm Hg
22 mm Hg
The eyes and brain contain sufficient oxygen to maintain vision and consciousness for __ to __ seconds after blood stops flowing to the head.
4 to 5
Between ___ and ___ seconds is when G tolerance is the lowest.
5 and 10 seconds
For blood to enter the retina, the cardiovascular system must overcome about ___ to ___ mm Hg of intra ocular pressure.
13 to 18 mm Hg
AGSM can raise tolerance to G by as much as ___ Gs
4 Gs
In military aviation, roughly ___ % of all Class A mishaps are caused by human error.
85%
Carbon Monoxide binds to the red blood cells roughly ____ to ____ times greater than oxygen.
200 to 250
What are the 4 effects of Over The Counter (OTC) drugs?
Primary Effect (intended effect) Side Effects (additional to the intended effect) Synergistic Effects (combined drugs can be stronger than the sum of its parts) Idiosyncratic Effects (unusual or unexpected effects)
Atmospheric Functions
It contains oxygen essential for animal life and carbon dioxide essential for plant life
It is shield that attenuates cosmic and ultraviolet radiation
Precipitation occurs in the atmosphere, helping maintain the temperature and climate
