Joints Of The Lower Limb And Gluteal Region 1

Question 1

What are the ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 1

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

Question 2

What are the characteristics of iliofemoral ligament?

Answer 2

Attaches to the ileum adjacent to the anterior inferior iliac spine to the femur
Inserts on the intertrochanteric line with a superior and inferior part forming a Y shape
Strongest ligament

Question 3

What are the characteristics of pubofemoral ligament?

Answer 3

Attaches to the pubis near the obturator
Inserts into the lower part of the neck
Fibers mixed with inferior fibers of iliofemoral ligament

Question 4

What are the characteristics of ischiofemoral ligament?

Answer 4

Attaches to the ischium behind and below the acetabulum
Spirals up and over and inserts on the greater trochanter
Some fibers mixed up with the superior fibers of the iliofemoral ligament
Others become circular to become the zona orbicularis

Question 5

What are the sciatic foramina?

Answer 5

2 foramina:
Greater sciatic foramen
Lesser sciatic foramen

Question 6

What are the borders of the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 6

Sacrum
Sacrospinous ligament
Greater sciatic notch

Question 7

What are the characteristics of the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 7

Pierces by the piriformis muscle

Piriformis muscle divides the foramen into a suprapiriformis and infrapiriformis portions

Question 8

What are the contents of the suprapiriformis portion?

Answer 8

Superior gluteal artery, vein and nerve

Question 9

What are the contents of infrapiriformis portion?

Answer 9

Inferior gluteal artery, vein and nerve
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Question 10

What are the boundaries of the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 10

Lesser sciatic notch
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament

Question 11

What are the contents off the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 11

Internal pudendal artery and vein
Pudendal nerve
Obturator internus

Question 12

What are the superficial gluteal muscles?

Answer 12

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

Question 13

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the gluteus Maximus?

Answer 13

Origin: Back of ileum, sacrum, erector spinae tendon, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity, iliotibial tract
Function: extension, lateral rotation, abduction (upper), adduction (lower)
Innervation:Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
Blood supply: inferior gluteal artery

Question 14

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the gluteus medius?

Answer 14

Origin: Anterior gluteal line, posterior gluteal line, deep fascia
Insertion: greater trochanter
Function:Abduction, Medial rotation (anterior fibers), Lateral rotation (posterior fibers)
innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Blood supply: superior gluteal artery

Question 15

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the gluteus minimus?

Answer 15

Origin:Posterior gluteal line, inferior gluteal line
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Function: Abduction
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Blood supply: Superior gluteal artery

Question 16

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the tensor fascia lata?

Answer 16

Origin: anterior superior iliac spine, anterior part of iliac crest
Insertion: iliotibial tract
Function: Flexion of hip, medial rotation, stabilization of hip and knee joints
Innervation:Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Blood supply: Superior gluteal artery

Question 17

What are the deep group gluteal muscles?

Answer 17

Piriformis muscle
Obturator internus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus 
Quadratus femoris

Question 18

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the piriformis?

Answer 18

Origin:Sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: greater trochanter
Function: lateral rotation when extended, abduction when flexed, holds head of femur in acetabulum
Innervation: Nerve to piriformis (S1-2)

Question 19

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the obturator internus?

Answer 19

Origin:Medial surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Function:lateral rotation when extended. Abduction when flexed, holds head of femur in acetabulum
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)

Question 20

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the superior gemellus?

Answer 20

Origin: Ischial spine
Insertion:Greater trochanter
Function: Lateral rotation
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)

Question 21

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the Inferior gemellus?

Answer 21

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Greater trochanter
Function: Lateral rotation
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)

Question 22

What are the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the quadratus femoris?

Answer 22

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest
Function: Strong lateral rotator
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)

Question 23

What are the vessels of the gluteal region?

Answer 23

Superior gluteal vessels-above piriformis
Inferior gluteal vessels-Below piriformis with inferior gluteal nerve
Medial femoral circumflex vessels-between quadratus femoris and adductor Magnus
First perforating vessels-pierces adductor Magnus near linea aspera
Lateral femoral circumflex vessels-above neck of femur and lateral to the shaft below the greater trochanter
All vessels anastomose

Question 24

What vessels form the cruciale anastomosis?

Answer 24

Inferior gluteal
Medial femoral circumflex
First perforating vessels
lateral femoral circumflex

Question 25

What is the piriformis syndrome?

Answer 25

Piriformis compresses sciatic nerve
Usually starts with pain, tingling or numbness in buttocks
Can go down to leg-sciatica
Can be exacerbated by an early split in sciatic nerve