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Anatomy > Early Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Early Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hormonal regulation of ovulation?

A

GnRH causes pituitary to release FSH and LH
FSH stimulates growth
FSH and LH help maturation of follicle
High LH causes ovulation
Fimbriae and cilia carry oocyte to ampulla where fertilization occurs

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2
Q

What are the steps for fertilization to occur?

A

Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction
Crossing of the corona radiata, zona pellucida and oocyte membrane.

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3
Q

What are the steps after fertilization?

A 
Cleavage
Blastulation
Implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the blastulation stage?

A

Inner mass or embryoblast tightly together surrounded by trophoblasts
Blastocoel cavity
Inner mass differentiate into epiblast and hypoblast
Amniotic cavity appeared
Trophoblast separates into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotropholast

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the lacunar stage?

A

Syncytitrophoblast shows large number of lacunae
Formation of exocoelemic membrane
Lacunar stage followed by formation of trophoblastic lacunae and extraembryonic mesoderm

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of gastrulation?

A

Formation of the primitive streak
Cells migrate and form the 3 germ layers: ectoderr, mesoderm, and endoderm
FGF8 controls invagination

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of neurulation?

A

Formation of the notochord
Notochord in communication with amniotic cavity through cranial and caudal neurospores
Cranial neurospore closes at day 25th
Caudal neurospore closes at day 28th

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of establishment of body axis?

A

Formation of anterior visceral endoderm which secretes OTX2, Lim1 and HESX
BMP4 and FGF ventralizes mesoderm
Goosecoid activates chordin
Chordin,Noggin, and follistatin antagonize activity of BMP4 and form dorsal mesoderm
Dorsal mesoderm formation in the caudal region control by Brachyury
Specificity of forebrain and midbrain by HNF 3 B

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the laterality?

A

FGF8 secreted by cells in type node and streak induces secretion of NODAL and LEFTY 2
NODAL and LEFTY 2 regulates PITX2, master gene for leftsideness
serotonin (5HT) restricts expression of NODAL
Normal L-R: situs solitus
Complete reversal: situs inversus
Reversal of one or more: Situs ambiguous or heterotaxy

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of sirenomelia?

A

Loss of mesoderm in the lumbosacral region
Interrupted gastrulations
Fused limbs

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of sacrococcygeal teratoma?

A

Caused by remnants of the primitive streak
Common in female fetuses
Tissues within the tumor include derivatives of all 3 germ layers

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12
Q

What are some neural tube defects?

A

Anencephaly-brain fails to form
Spina bifida
Can be reduced by folic acid in diet before pregnancy

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13
Q

What are the path of the neural crest cells?

A

Dorsal pathway-melanocytes

Ventral pathway-sensory ganglia, Schwann cells and adrenal medulla, craniofacial skeleton

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14
Q

What are the derivatives of the ectoderm?

A 
CNS
PNS
Sensory epithelium of the ear, nose and eye
Epidermis, hair and nails
Subcutaneous glands
Mammary glands
Pituitary gland
Enamel of the teeth
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15
Q

What are the derivatives of the mesodermal layer?

A

Paraxial mesoderm gives rise to somites which forms sclerotome, myotome and dermatome-bone, muscles and skin
The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the kidneys, gonads, ducts and accessory glands of the excretory
The lateral mesoderm gives rise to the smooth muscle of the gut

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16
Q

What are the derivatives of the endoderm?

A

Pharyngeal pouches
Epithelial lining of the lung buds and trachea
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas

17
Q

What are the parts of the placenta

A

Fetal- chorion frondosum

Maternal-Decidua basalis

18
Q

What are the functions of the placenta ?

A

Exchange of gases
Exchange of nutrients and electrolytes
Transmission of maternal antibodies (IgG)
Hormone production-progesterone and estrogen

19
Q

What are the characteristics of preeclampsia?

A

Proteinuria+hypertension
Major cause of maternal mortality
Trophoblastic disorder
Reversed with delivery

20
Q

What a re the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A 
Caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
Craniofacial abnormalities
CNS damage
Growth deficiency
Not reversible

Anatomy (20 decks)

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