Joints of the lower limb

Question 1

acetabular notch

Answer 1

ligament go through it at the base of the acetabulum, also transmits a branch of the obturator artery

Question 2

illiofemoeral ligament

Answer 2

stabilizes the hip joint, inserts on intertrochanteric line, tightens when hip is extended

Question 3

pubofemoral ligament

Answer 3

from pubis to neck of the femur, stabilizes the hip joint, prevents over abdution

Question 4

ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 4

prevents posterior displacement at the hip joint

Question 5

coxa vara

Answer 5

low angle with the neck and the shaft of the femur, shorter limb, abnormal limp

Question 6

coxa valga

Answer 6

high angle with the neck and the shaft of the femur, limb is longer, abnormal limp

Question 7

medial femoral circumflex

Answer 7

supplies most of the blood to the hip joint, from the deep femoral artery, fracture of femur can result in avascular necrosis

Question 8

femoral neck fractures

Answer 8

type 1 - partial fracture
type 2 - complete fracture
type 3 - small displacement
type 4 - large displacement
can result in avascular necrosis in 8 hours

Question 9

hip fracture appearance

Answer 9

shortened limb and laterally rotated

Question 10

anterior nerve supply of the hip

Answer 10

femoral nerve

Question 11

medial nerve supply of the hip

Answer 11

obturator nerve

Question 12

posterior nerve supply of the hip

Answer 12

nerve to quadratus femoris, superior gluteal nerve

Question 13

functions of patello-femoral joint

Answer 13

gives more leverage for the quadricep muscles, centralizes the action of the quadricep muscles, protects the anterior part of the knee

Question 14

knee rotation during flexion and extension

Answer 14

during extension, knee rotates externally and during flexion, knee rotates internally

Question 15

popliteus muscle

Answer 15

1. if the foot is planted on the ground, it rotates the femur laterally on the tibia
2. if the foot is off the ground, it rotates the tibia medially on the fixed femur

Question 16

genicular arteries

Answer 16

supply blood to the knee

Question 17

ACL and PCL are supplied by the _______ artery

Answer 17

middle genicular artery

Question 18

anterior nerve supply of the knee

Answer 18

saphenous nerve

Question 19

posterior nerve supply of the knee

Answer 19

tibial and common peroneal nerve

Question 20

function of menisci

Answer 20

deepen tibial plateaus and reduce friction, serve as secondary stabilizers

Question 21

lateral/medial patellar reticanculum

Answer 21

stabilizing the knee by patella in place

Question 22

collateral ligaments

Answer 22

prevent abduction of the leg on femur, stretched if force is applied to lateral side

Question 23

LCL vs MCL

Answer 23

LCL is not attached to meniscus where as MCL is, LCL is more cord-like

Question 24

Q angle

Answer 24

angle between femur and shaft of the tibia, smaller in males, leads to quadricep imbalance to the lateral side

Question 25

genu varum

Answer 25

stress on the medial menisci due to decreased Q angle, “bow legs”

Question 26

genu valgum

Answer 26

stress on the lateral meniscus, due to increase Q angle, “knock knees”

Question 27

ACL

Answer 27

prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on femur

Question 28

PCL

Answer 28

prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur