Clinical Correlates: Exam 2

Question 1

rib dislocation

Answer 1

sternocostal joint

Question 2

rib separation

Answer 2

costo-chondral joint

Question 3

costochondritis

Answer 3

common cause of chest pain in children and adolescents

Question 4

flail chest

Answer 4

multiple rib fractures, during inspiration negative intrapleural pressure causes ribs to be suck inward and mediastinum shifts to opposite side, reverse happens during expiration

Question 5

cervical rib

Answer 5

an extra rib, can cause compression of the brachial artery, compression of lower brachical plexus, causing weakness in hand (ulnar nerve)

Question 6

thoracic outlet syndrome

Answer 6

from the presence of cervical rib, due to compression of brachial plexus or subclavian artery, structures are entrapped between cervical rib and scalenus muscle

Question 7

pectus excavatum

Answer 7

funnel chest

Question 8

pectus carinatum

Answer 8

pigeon chest

Question 9

herpes zooster

Answer 9

shingles, often presents in dermatomal pattern, arises in dorsal root ganglia and travels down nerve axons to cause infection

Question 10

coarctation of aorta

Answer 10

collateral circulation involving internal thoracic and intercostal arteries occurs, may result in rib notching

Question 11

pleurisy

Answer 11

inflammation of the pleura, pain during breathing, coughing or sneezing, cause by infections, penumothorax, pulmonary embolism, or lung cancer

Question 12

pleural rub

Answer 12

sign of pleurisy

Question 13

pleural effusion

Answer 13

build up of fluid in pleural space usually in the costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 14

pneumothorax

Answer 14

gas or air in the pleural space, from lung conditions or trauma

Question 15

pulmonary blebs

Answer 15

cause of spontaneous pneumothorax, weakened outpouches of the lungs

Question 16

tension pneumothorax

Answer 16

air enters but cant be expelled, significant problems with respirations, increase HR and rapid breathing

Question 17

pulmonary embolism

Answer 17

difficulty breathing, chest pain, low blood oxygen, cyanosis, rapid breathing/HR

Question 18

water bottle silohuette

Answer 18

suggestive of pericardial effusion

Question 19

cardiac tamponade

Answer 19

an acute pericardial effusion

Question 20

Becks triad

Answer 20

1. muffled heart sounds due to blood insulation, weakened beat
2. jugular distension due to reduced venous return
3. low arterial pressure due to reduced stroke volume/cardiac output

Question 21

pericardiocentesis

Answer 21

tap at left xiphosternal angle (or 5/6 intercostal space)

Question 22

coronary artery disease

Answer 22

damage of coronary arteries from atherosclerotic plaque

Question 23

CAD repurfusion strategies

Answer 23

1. coronary artery collateralization (new capillary growth)
2. reverse blood flow in thebesian veins under low perfusion conditions
3. endogenous bypass via vasa vasorum

Question 24

graft options for coronary bypass

Answer 24

great saphenous, internal thoracic artery, radial artery