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Anatomy > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

transverse ligament of the atlas

A

prevents anterior displacement of the atlas and skull on C2 and lower vertebrae

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2
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

prevents hyperflexion of spine

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3
Q

alar ligaments

A

connect dens to skull

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4
Q

nuchal ligament

A

connects spinous processes to nuchal lines

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5
Q

anterior longitudinal ligaments

A

prevents hyperextension of spine

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6
Q

hangmans fracture

A

bilateral fracture of posterior arch of C@ with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 - from hyperextension

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7
Q

clay shoveler fracture

A

tip of spinous process C6-T1

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8
Q

Jefferson fracture

A

compression fracture of C1 anterior or posterior arch - lateral masses split and transverse ligament tears

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9
Q

pretracheal space

A

between pretracheal fasica and trachea

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10
Q

retropharyngeal space

A

between retropharyngeal and alar fascia

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11
Q

danger space

A

between alar and prevertebral fascia

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12
Q

internal jugular vein formed by joining of…

A

posterior auricular vein and retromandibular vein

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13
Q

platysma muscle innervated by….

A

cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

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14
Q

trapezius muscle innervated by….

A

spinal accessory nerve - CN XI

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15
Q

sternocleidomastoid innervated by….

A

spinal accessory nerve - CN XI

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16
Q

torticollis

A

shortening of SCM or excessive stretching during childbirth

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17
Q

borders of posterior triangle

A

trapezius, SCM, clavicle (omohyoid splits occipital triangle and supraclavicular triangle)

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18
Q

nerves present in the nerve point of the neck

A

greater auricular, lesser occipital, supraclavicular nerves, transverse cervical, spinal accessory

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19
Q

list nerves of cervical plexus

A 
lesser occipital - C2,C3
greater auricular - C2, C3
transverse cervical - C2, C3
supraaclavicular - C3, C4
phrenic - C3, C4, C5
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20
Q

cutaneous innervation of the head

A

from trigeminal nerve (CN V) and from C2-C4

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21
Q

arteries coming off of subclavian

A

internal thoracic, thyrocervical trunk (inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, suprascapular), vertebral, costocervical (deep cervical, intercostal)

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22
Q

nerves in suboccipital region

A

great occipital (C2 dorsal ramus), suboccipital (C1 dorsal ramus, least occipital (C3)

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23
Q

triangles of the anterior neck

A

mental triangle, submandibular triangle, muscular triangle, carotid triangle (SCM, omohyoid, digastric, mandible are major borders)

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24
Q

contents of submental triangle

A

between two anterior bellies of digastric, contains lymph nodes and small veins

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25
Q

contents of muscular triangle

A

contains infrahyoid muscles and anterior jugular veins and jugular venous arch

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26
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric

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27
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, omohyoid

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28
Q

innervation of anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid

A

nerve to mylohyoid (branch of CN V3)

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29
Q

innervation of sylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric

A

supplied by branches of facial nerve (CN VII)

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30
Q

raphe

A

line that connects mylohyoid muscles

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31
Q

geniohyoid muslce action

A

pulls hyoid antero-superiorly

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32
Q

nerve to mylohyoid is a motor branch of ….

A

the inferior alveolar nerve from V3

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33
Q

innervation of the infrahyoid muscles comes from

A

ansa cervicalis

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34
Q

structures that ansa cervicalis supplies

A

sternohyoid, omohyoid (sup. belly), sternohyoid and omohyoid (inf. belly), sternothyroid

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35
Q

C1 branch reaches thyrohyoid and geniohyoid by piggybacking on which nerve

A

hypoglossal

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36
Q

innervation to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid

A

C1 via hypoglassal

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37
Q

facial nerve supplies which muscles

A

post. belly of digastric and stylohyoid

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38
Q

nerve to mylohyoid supplies which muscles

A

mylohyoid and ant. belly of digastric (branch of inferior alveolar nerve from CN V3)

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39
Q

C1 via hypolassal supplies which msucles

A

thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

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40
Q

common carotid splits at level of…

A

upper edge of thyroid cartilage

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41
Q

branches of external carotid

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temoral
MAXillary
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42
Q

external carotid artery supplies everything outside dura mater except…

A

anterior forehead, from internal carotid artery from supraorbital, a branch of ophthalmic artery

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43
Q

arterial circle of Willis

A

vertebral, basilar, posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral

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44
Q

carotid body and sinus are supplied by

A

carotid sinus nerve, from CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve

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45
Q

sympathetic chain lies _______ carotid sheath

A

behind

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46
Q

thyroid veins

A

superior and middle come from internal jugular, inferior from subclavian

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47
Q

pterion

A

where frontal, parietal, greater wing of spherion and temporal bones meet, lies above middle meningeal artery

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48
Q

mandibular foarmen is entrance for ……

A

inferior alveolar nerve

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49
Q

fontanelles

A

membranes that bridge over sutures in early life

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50
Q

lambdoid suture

A

join occipital and parietal bones

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51
Q

metopic suture

A

join two halves of frontal bone

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52
Q

craniosynostosis

A

premature fusion of sutures
scaphoncephaly - closure of sagittal suture
oxycephaly - closure of coronal suture

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53
Q

infratemporal fossa

A

bounded medially by lateral pterygoid plate, anteriorly by maxilla, posteriorly by occipital bone, superiorly by base of skull

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54
Q

nerve located in infratemporal fossa

A

the trunk of V3

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55
Q

foramen in front of the skull

A

supraorbital - suprorbital nerve from V1
infraorbital - infraorbital nerve from V2
mental - mental nerve from V3

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56
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

transmits branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1) - also CN III, IV, VI

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57
Q

foramen rotundum

A

transmits branches of the maxillary nerve (V2)

58
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening for V3

59
Q

foramen spinosum

A

opening for middle meningeal artery

60
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

opening for trunk of facial nerve

61
Q

petrotympanic fissure

A

opening for chorda tympani

62
Q

jugular foramen

A

opening for IJV, IX, X and XI

63
Q

cribiform plate

A

opening for CNI

64
Q

optic canal

A

opening for CN II

65
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

opening for CN VII and VIII

66
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

opening for CN XII

67
Q

List the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal

68
Q

What empties into middle meatus

A

maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinuses and frontal sinus

69
Q

What empies into inferior meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct

70
Q

two layers of dura

A

periostal and meningeal, fused except at sinuses and infoldings

71
Q

falx cerebri

A

infolding of dura which separates cerebral hemisphere - attaches to crista galli and internal occipital protuberance

72
Q

falx cerebelli

A

infolding of dura which lies between the cerebellar hemispheres - attaches to internal occipital crest

73
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

extension of dura which separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum - attaches to the posterior clinoid processes, petrous portion of temporal and occipital bones

74
Q

diaphragma sellae

A

lies over the pituitary fossa and has opening for stalk

75
Q

cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers

A

3, 7, 9 and 10

76
Q

two groups of ganglia that carry sensory gangila

A

trigeminal and geniculate ganglion

77
Q

Sensory only cranial nerves

A

1, 2 and 8

78
Q

Motor only cranial nerves

A

3 (somatic and visceral), 4, 6, 11, 12

79
Q

mixed cranial nerves

A

5, 7, 9 and 10

80
Q

Facts about cranial nerve #3

A

Starts at oculomotor nucleus, travels through superior orbital fissure, innervates 5 muscles of ocular movement, parasympathetic fibers synapse on ciliary ganglion to innervated ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

81
Q

diagnostic value of CN III

A

can be compressed on ridge along petrous part of temporal bone, form brainstem damage or compression

82
Q

CN III passes along which artery

A

posterior communicating artery, aneurysm may compress it

83
Q

CN IV and VI

A

trochlear and abducens, travel through superior orbital fissure and innervate superior oblique and lateral rectus respectively

84
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve contains motor fibers and what muscles does it innervate

A

V3, four muscle of mastication (temporalis, masseter, leteral and medial pterygoid) and four accessory muscles of mastication (mylohyoid, ant. belly of digastric, tensor tympani and tensor palatini

85
Q

trigeminal ganglion

A

sensory only, pseudounipolar, analogous to DRG

86
Q

Openings of the skull for trigeminal nerve

A

V1 - superior orbital fissure
V2 - foramen rotudum
V3 - foramen ovale

87
Q

divisions of V1 (ophthalmic division)

A

tentorial, lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary, supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear

88
Q

internal sensory regions of V1

A

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, meninges

89
Q

divisions of V2 (maxillary division)

A

descending palatine, all superior alveolar, zygomatic, infraorbital

90
Q

internal sensory regions of V2

A

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, maxillary teeth, hard/soft palate, meninges

91
Q

divisions of V3 (mandibular division)

A

buccal, lingual, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, mental

92
Q

internal sensory regions of V3

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue, lower teeth, external tympanic membrane, cheek, meninges

93
Q

motor branches of facial nerve

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical, digastric, posterior auricular

94
Q

motor component of facial nerve exits skull at…..

A

stylomastoid foramen

95
Q

Path of the two parasympathetic nerves from CN VII

A

Both originate in the brainstem.

First travels along greater petrosal nerve, synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion then innervates nasal and palatine glands and lacrimal glands.

Second travels along chorda tympani, joins the lingual nerve (V3), synapses at submandibular ganglion and then innervates sublingual and submandibular glands

96
Q

Path of the special sensory fibers of CN VII

A

Innervate anterior 2/3 of tongue, travel back along chorda tympani and down CN VII to synapse at geniculate gangion

97
Q

What does CN IX innervate

A

taste and general sensory of 1/3 posterior of tongue, somatic sensory to pharynx, visceral sensory to carotid body/sinus, parasympathetic to parotid glands

98
Q

tympanic canaliculus

A

where the parasympathetic fibers of CN IX reenter the skull

99
Q

otic ganglion

A

lies just medial to V3, provides post-ganglionic fibers to parotid gland

100
Q

glabella

A

unibrow

101
Q

medial and lateral cnathi

A

corners of eyes

102
Q

petrotympanic fissure

A

exit of chorda tympani

103
Q

muscles innervated by facial nerve

A

muscle of facial expression and scalp, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and stapedius

104
Q

Two Zebras Bit My Cas Posteriorly

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandivular
Cervial
Posterior auricular

Motor branches of facial nerve

105
Q

buccinator innervated by…

A

buccal branch of the facial nerve

106
Q

deep petrosal nerve

A

carries sympathetic fibers from the carotid artery and joins with the greater petrosal nerve

107
Q

vidian nerve

A

greater petrosal never and deep petrosal nerve combine to form vidian nerve, which then reaches the pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa

108
Q

anastamose of internal and external carotid

A

facial artery and superficial temporal artery joins with supraorbital artery (terminal branch of ophthalmic artery from ICA)

109
Q

danger triangle of the face

A

infection in facial veins travel to opthalmic veins, to cavernous sinus to dural sinuses

110
Q

structures in parotid

A

external carotid atery and branches, retromandibulr veins and tributaries, branches of facial nerve, auriculotemporal nerve (V3)

111
Q

innervation of parotid

A

glossopharyngeal to tympanic nerve, through tympanic canniliculus, to lesser petrosal, synapse on otic ganglion, to parotid

112
Q

What enters through the inferior orbital fissure

A

contains infraorbital and zygomatic nerves, branches of V2, also it connects the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa

113
Q

tarsal plates

A

fibrous connective tissue skeleton of eyelid, deep to orbital septum

114
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

muscle of the eyelid (facial nerve) - deep to skin and subcutaneous layer, superficial to tarsal plate

115
Q

external style or hordeolum

A

from the glands of Zeis, infection at the end of the eyelids

116
Q

internal style or chalazion

A

from the melbomian glands, inside the tarsal plates, dysfunction of glands causes dry eyes

117
Q

bulbar vs palperbral conjuctive

A

bulbar covers the sclera, palpebral lies deep to eyelid

118
Q

conjunctiva

A

deep to tarsal plate, membrane that produces mucous and tears and prevents microbes from entering eyes

119
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

nodule at inner corner of eye, skin covering sebaceous and sweat glands

120
Q

Tenon’s capsule

A

thin membrane that surround back of the eye and separates eye from periorbital fat

121
Q

Which cranial nerve passes above tendinous ring of Zinn

A

CN IV - trochlear nerve

122
Q

Mueller’s muscle

A

superior tarsal muscle with sympathetic innervation in the levator palpabrae superioiris that widens eyes

123
Q

Superior and inferior rectus move eyes

A

In (either up or down)

124
Q

superior and inferior oblique move eyes…

A

out down (superior) or out up (inferior)

125
Q

How to clinically test trochlear nerve

A

look in then down, prevents use of inferior rectus to test superior oblique

126
Q

strabismus

A

eyes are not properly aligned, can led to diplopia

127
Q

symptoms of oculomotor nerve palsy

A
  1. eye down and out due to actions of superior oblique and lateral rectus
  2. ptosis, due to immobilized levator palpebrae superioris muscle
  3. dilated pupil due to unopposed sympathetic stimulation of dilator pupillae
128
Q

three branches of V1

A

frontal, lacrimal and nasociliary

129
Q

short ciliary neves

A

contain sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (long ciliary have no parasympathetic fibers)

130
Q

nerve that passes through cranial sinus that can be compressed by an anuerysm of the ICA

A

CN VI

131
Q

accomodation

A

rounding of lens for near vision, parasympathetic stimulation from CN III

132
Q

Edinger-Westphal nuclues

A

preganglionic parasympathetic axons in CN III to ciliary ganglia

133
Q

Why both pupils should contract if light is shined in one eye

A

light travels on both sides of brain stimulating both Edinger Westphai nuclei

134
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

interruption of sympathetic innervation to head, leads to miosis (constricted pupil), ptosis (drooping eyelid), anhydrosis, and vasoodilation

135
Q

muscles involved in accomodation

A

cilliary muscles

136
Q

importance of central artery of retina

A

no anastamoses, occulsion will result in blindess

137
Q

papilledema

A

increased cranial pressure, leading to swollen optic nerves

138
Q

glaucoma

A

from increased intraocular pressure, overproduction of aqueous humor by ciliary body of eye

139
Q

Canal of schlemm

A

drainage for aqueous humor, blockage can lead to glaucoma

140
Q

pituitary tumor leads to loss of what type of vision first

A

peripheral vision, compression of optic chiasm

Anatomy (14 decks)

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