Joints (notes) Flashcards
What does the prefix Artho- mean?
Artho- means joint
ex. Arthrology is the study of joints and Arthroscopy is visualization of a joint via camera
definition of joint
any place where 2+ bones meet, aka an articulation
functions of joints (3)
1) join bones together
2) control movement between the bones
3) transfer of force
What is the transverse plane and on what axis does an action occur?
transverse plane is a plane that divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts, with movement occurring on the longitudinal axis (think of an earth)
What is the coronal plane and on what axis does an action occur?
corronal plane (aka frontal plane) bisecets the body laterally into anterior and posterior parts, with movement occurring on the anteroposterior axis
What is the saggital plane and on what axis does an action occur?
saggital plane is a plane that bisects the body front to back into left and right, with movement occurring on the transverse axis
What is Range of Motion?
the specific amount of movement through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly passed
What affects a joints Range of Motion? (5)
muscles, tendons, ligaments, articular capsule, and the shapes of the articulating bones
What is Joint Stability?
a lack of movement of the bones in planes other than those allowed by the specific type of joint
REMEMBER! The tighter the bone-to-bone fit and/or the deeper the matching convex and concave surfaces of the joint, the more stable the joint
What is the relation between Range of Motion and Joint Stability?
The more Joint Support, the less a joint’s Range of Motion
The 2 types of classifications of joints
functional and structural:
Functional: the motion allowed at the joint
Structural: the types of material uniting the bones
Functional classification Subgroups (3)
1)synarthrodial
2) amphiarthrodial
3)diarthrodial
Structural classification subgroups
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What is the subgroup Synarthrodial?
immovable joints joined together with fibrous connective tissue
ex: the cranial sutures of the skull
What is the subgroup Amphiarthrodail?
slightly movable joints
What is the subgroup Diarthrodial?
-freely movable Synovial joints with motion in at least one plane
-ends of articulating bones are covered in articular cartilage, and the joint cavity is surrounded by a sleeve of ligamentous tissue
What is the subgroup Syndesmosis?
joints with strong ligamentous structures allowing for minimal movement
What is the subgroup Gomphosis?
joints secured via ‘peg and socket’
ex: a tooth and its corresponding socket in the gum
What is the subgroup Synchondrosis?
bones separated via hayline cartilage
ex: the epipheasial growth plate on long bones and costochondral joints of the rib and sternum
What is the subgroup Symphysis?
bones separated via fibrocartilage pad
ex: joints of symphysis pubis and intervertebral disk
What are Synovial Joints?
joints lined with synovial membrane, which is made up of epithelial tissue
What are the functions of the Synovial Membrane? (3)
the membrane secretes synovial fluids, which
1) lubricates joints to reduce friction
2) nourishes articular cartilage (cartilage has no blood supply)
3) cleans the joint
REMEMBER! these functions can ONLY occur with movement of the joint!
What are the types of Synovial Joints? (6, scientific names)
1)arthoridal
2)trochoidal
3)ginglymus
4)sellar
5)condyloid
6)enarthroidal
What is an Arthroidal joint? (aka gliding or sliding joint)
a joint in which 2 flat surfaces butt against one another, with limited sliding movement
ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints and the arcomioclavicular joint
What is a Trochoidal joint? (aka pivot joint)
a joint with rotational movement along a long axis
ex: both the proximal and distal radioulnar joints and the atlantoaxial (atlas and axis, C1 + C2) joint
What is a Ginglymus joint? (aka hinge joint)
a joint with ride Range of Motion in only ONE plane
ex: the humeroulnar joint and the tibiofemoral joint
What is a Sellar joint? (aka saddle joint)
a joint with reciprocal reception, or where the same shape is on both ends of the touching bones, just rotated 90 degrees to one another
ex: the first metacarpophalangeal (thumb and trapezium) joint
What is a Condyloid joint? (no common name)
a joint with movement in TWO planes, without any rotation
ex: the radiocarpal joint and the 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints
What is an Enarthroid joint? (aka ball and socket joint)
a joint with multiaxial movement in ALL planes
ex: the glenohumeral joint and the acetabulofemoral joint
