Joints (notes)

Question 1

What does the prefix Artho- mean?

Answer 1

Artho- means joint
ex. Arthrology is the study of joints and Arthroscopy is visualization of a joint via camera

Question 2

definition of joint

Answer 2

any place where 2+ bones meet, aka an articulation

Question 3

functions of joints (3)

Answer 3

1) join bones together
2) control movement between the bones
3) transfer of force

Question 4

What is the transverse plane and on what axis does an action occur?

Answer 4

transverse plane is a plane that divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts, with movement occurring on the longitudinal axis (think of an earth)

Question 5

What is the coronal plane and on what axis does an action occur?

Answer 5

corronal plane (aka frontal plane) bisecets the body laterally into anterior and posterior parts, with movement occurring on the anteroposterior axis

Question 6

What is the saggital plane and on what axis does an action occur?

Answer 6

saggital plane is a plane that bisects the body front to back into left and right, with movement occurring on the transverse axis

Question 7

What is Range of Motion?

Answer 7

the specific amount of movement through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly passed

Question 8

What affects a joints Range of Motion? (5)

Answer 8

muscles, tendons, ligaments, articular capsule, and the shapes of the articulating bones

Question 9

What is Joint Stability?

Answer 9

a lack of movement of the bones in planes other than those allowed by the specific type of joint

REMEMBER! The tighter the bone-to-bone fit and/or the deeper the matching convex and concave surfaces of the joint, the more stable the joint

Question 10

What is the relation between Range of Motion and Joint Stability?

Answer 10

The more Joint Support, the less a joint’s Range of Motion

Question 11

The 2 types of classifications of joints

Answer 11

functional and structural:

Functional: the motion allowed at the joint
Structural: the types of material uniting the bones

Question 12

Functional classification Subgroups (3)

Answer 12

1)synarthrodial
2) amphiarthrodial
3)diarthrodial

Question 13

Structural classification subgroups

Answer 13

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 14

What is the subgroup Synarthrodial?

Answer 14

immovable joints joined together with fibrous connective tissue

ex: the cranial sutures of the skull

Question 15

What is the subgroup Amphiarthrodail?

Answer 15

slightly movable joints

Question 16

What is the subgroup Diarthrodial?

Answer 16

-freely movable Synovial joints with motion in at least one plane
-ends of articulating bones are covered in articular cartilage, and the joint cavity is surrounded by a sleeve of ligamentous tissue

Question 17

What is the subgroup Syndesmosis?

Answer 17

joints with strong ligamentous structures allowing for minimal movement

Question 18

What is the subgroup Gomphosis?

Answer 18

joints secured via ‘peg and socket’

ex: a tooth and its corresponding socket in the gum

Question 19

What is the subgroup Synchondrosis?

Answer 19

bones separated via hayline cartilage

ex: the epipheasial growth plate on long bones and costochondral joints of the rib and sternum

Question 20

What is the subgroup Symphysis?

Answer 20

bones separated via fibrocartilage pad

ex: joints of symphysis pubis and intervertebral disk

Question 21

What are Synovial Joints?

Answer 21

joints lined with synovial membrane, which is made up of epithelial tissue

Question 22

What are the functions of the Synovial Membrane? (3)

Answer 22

the membrane secretes synovial fluids, which
1) lubricates joints to reduce friction
2) nourishes articular cartilage (cartilage has no blood supply)
3) cleans the joint

REMEMBER! these functions can ONLY occur with movement of the joint!

Question 23

What are the types of Synovial Joints? (6, scientific names)

Answer 23

1)arthoridal
2)trochoidal
3)ginglymus
4)sellar
5)condyloid
6)enarthroidal

Question 24

What is an Arthroidal joint? (aka gliding or sliding joint)

Answer 24

a joint in which 2 flat surfaces butt against one another, with limited sliding movement

ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints and the arcomioclavicular joint

Question 25

What is a Trochoidal joint? (aka pivot joint)

Answer 25

a joint with rotational movement along a long axis

ex: both the proximal and distal radioulnar joints and the atlantoaxial (atlas and axis, C1 + C2) joint

Question 26

What is a Ginglymus joint? (aka hinge joint)

Answer 26

a joint with ride Range of Motion in only ONE plane

ex: the humeroulnar joint and the tibiofemoral joint

Question 27

What is a Sellar joint? (aka saddle joint)

Answer 27

a joint with reciprocal reception, or where the same shape is on both ends of the touching bones, just rotated 90 degrees to one another

ex: the first metacarpophalangeal (thumb and trapezium) joint

Question 28

What is a Condyloid joint? (no common name)

Answer 28

a joint with movement in TWO planes, without any rotation

ex: the radiocarpal joint and the 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 29

What is an Enarthroid joint? (aka ball and socket joint)

Answer 29

a joint with multiaxial movement in ALL planes

ex: the glenohumeral joint and the acetabulofemoral joint