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Anatomy and Physiology > Heart Physiology > Flashcards

Heart Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

gap junction

A

where heart cells connect in their cell membranes, provides for easier communication via depolarization and repolarization, causing an Action Potential to travel in a rapid wave-like motion

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2
Q

max heart rate

A

200 btm (could vary slightly via genetic diversity)

60 secs per minute / .3 beats per second

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3
Q

heat cells can spontaneously depolarize, what word can describe this?

A

automaticity

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4
Q

what bundle of cells can fire off Action Potential at a faster rate than any other cell in the heart?

A

sino-atrial and antrio-ventricular nodes

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5
Q

what starts Action Potential in the heart?

A

the sino-atrial node

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6
Q

what node fires stronger and for longer?

A

the atrio-ventricular node

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7
Q

role of chordinae tendinae?

A

prevent atrioventricular valves from inversion, NOT used to open the valves

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8
Q

what does the interventricular septum do during contraction?

A

pulls the heart up from the bottom towards the middle, further decreasing space in the ventricles

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9
Q

what causes the sound of a heart beat?

A

the valves in the heart closing

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10
Q

what does the P wave measure?

A

atrial contraction/depolarization

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11
Q

what does the QRS complex measure?

A

ventricular contraction/depolarization

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12
Q

what does the T wave measure?

A

ventricular relaxation/repolarization

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13
Q

what does a hill mean in a EKG graph when using Lead II?

A

Action Potential moving from probe near the Right Arm to the probe near the Left Leg

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14
Q

what does a ditch mean in a EKG graph when using Lead II?

A

Action Potential moving from probe near the Left Leg to the probe near the Right Arm

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15
Q

atrial fibrillation sign(s) in an EKG and what it means is happening in the heart

A

P wave is a ditch as opposed to a hill, therefore the signal is coming from the AV node, and the SA node must be damaged/dead

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16
Q

first-degree atrioventricular block sign(s) in an EKG and what it means is happening in the heart

A

the PR interval is to long (exceeds ~200 milliseconds), meaning that the Av node is not intensifying the Action Potential

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17
Q

pulmonary embolism sign(s) in an EKG and what it means is happening in the heart

A

the T wave is a ditch, therefore there is an issue with polarization in the heart coming to rest

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18
Q

what is Arrhythmia?

A

irregular heart rate (beat/rhythm)

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19
Q

what is Bradycardia?

A

slower than normal heart rate

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20
Q

what is Tachcardia?

A

faster than normal heart rate

21
Q

what is Fibrillation?

A

irregular heart beat caused by issue in atria

22
Q

what is myocardial ischemia?

A

decreased blood flow casing poor oxygen delivery to cells, and could cause death

23
Q

what causes plaque formation?

A

1) injury to the arterial wall
2) white blood cells attaching to the interior wall

24
Q

examples of how the arterial wall can get damaged

A

-turbulent blood flow caused by hypertension
-inflammatory immune response
-infection
-chemical abnormalities in the blood such as diabetes or high cholesterol

25
Q

how does the arterial walls get ‘healed’

A

cholesterol and other fatty materials used as a pseudo-band-aid, which can become a plaque deposit over time

26
Q

systole =

A

contraction

27
Q

diastole =

A

relaxation

28
Q

auscultations =

A

sounds

29
Q

stenosis =

A

stiffening and narrowing

30
Q

atrial venous oxygen differentiation =

A

difference in oxygen concentrations in the artery and veins

31
Q

EDV =

A

end diastolic volume, when the ventricle is full, ~120mL

32
Q

ESV =

A

end systolic volume, when the ventricle is empty, ~50mL

33
Q

stoke volume =

A

EDV minus ESV, amount of blood ejected in a heart beat

34
Q

what happens when blood pressure in the vessels increase?

A

blood pressure in the ventricles MUST increase to be greater than that blood pressure in the blood vessels, or else the semi-lunar valves will not open

35
Q

what does isovolumetric contraction correlate with?

A

dramatic INCREASE in ventricular pressure

35
Q

why is there not alot of pressure in the atrium?

A

because the vena-cava/the pulmonary veins are always open, emptying into the atrium

36
Q

what does isovolumetric relation correlate with?

A

dramatic DECREASE in ventricular pressure

37
Q

what occurs when both atrial-ventricular and semi-lunar valves are closed?

A

isovolumetric contraction / relaxation

38
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

the muscles in the heart grows via cells creating alot of actin and myosin, creating an issue with stroke volume, with no effect on building pressure

39
Q

what organ has the worst blood flow to it and is at the highest risk of ischemia?

A

the heart! ironic, huh?!

40
Q

what are some characteristics specific to arteries?

A

-movement away from the heart
-branch away from heart
-more integrity because of the external/internal elastic membrane
-better contractile force bc of the tunica media
-has no valves bc gravity works with the blood flow, so no risk of back ups

41
Q

what are some characteristics specific to veins?

A

-movement towards the heart
-branch towards the heart
-lacks internal and external elastic membrane
-presence of tuncia media, however, it is much thinner than the one found in the arteries
-has valves to prevent back flow of blood, bc has to work against gravity

42
Q

how do bruises form?

A

capillaries are very thinly walled and semi-permeable, therefore when stretched blood is able to leak out from the capillary(ies)

43
Q

what is a varicose vein?

A

swollen, twisted veins that lie just under the skin, common in the legs, often in the elderly

44
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

an air bubble in the blood system, causing a loss of integrity in the arterial wall, which can lead to the artery bursting

45
Q

what is a thrombus (aka embolism)

A

a clot, specifically in the vein

46
Q

what is the mean arterial pressure?

A 
            3
47
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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