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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System Physiology > Flashcards

Digestive System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the building blocks of food

A

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and high E compounds

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2
Q

what is the Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ratio found in all carbohydrates?

A

1C:2H:1O

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3
Q

what do carbohydrates include?

A

polysaccharides, which contain disaccharides, which are composed of two monosaccharides

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4
Q

what do lipids include?

A

triglycerides, which are composed of fatty acids and glycerol

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5
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

peptides, which are composed of amino acids

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6
Q

how many types of amino acids are there, and how many proteins can they form?

A

20 different types of amino acids, a limitless possibility of connections to form proteins

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7
Q

what do nucleic acids include?

A

either RNA or DNA, which is composed of nucleotides

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8
Q

what do high energy compounds include?

A

ATP, which is composed of nucleotides and phosphate groups

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9
Q

what is a primary protein structure?

A

an amino acid sequence

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10
Q

what is a secondary protein structure?

A

hydrogen bounding to peptide ‘back bone’, causing amino acids to ‘fold’ into pleated sheet and alpha helix

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11
Q

what is tertiary protein structure?

A

3-D folding pattern of a protein causing by side chain interactions

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12
Q

what are quaternary protein structures?

A

proteins consisting of more than one amino acid chain

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13
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands, and their relative positioning around the mouth?

A

parotid glands: near the ear

sublingual glands: directly under the tongue

submandibular glands: near the mandibular angle

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14
Q

what are the types of digestion that occur?

A

mechanical digestion and chemical digestion

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15
Q

name the 3 muscle layer of the stomach and their function

A

longitudinal muscle (superficial most layer): pulls the bottom of the stomach up

circular muscle: pulls the stomach side to side

oblique muscle (deepest muscle layer): pulls the stomach diagonally

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16
Q

name the alimentary canal structures, in order

A

mouth/oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus

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17
Q

what protects your body from your stomach juices

A

thick layer of mucus on the stomach walls (a majority of gastric glands produce this mucus)

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18
Q

what are the 5 nucleotides?

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), uracil (U)

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19
Q

at what temperature do human proteins begin to denature, and at what temperature will a person be declared clinically dead at

A

proteins denature: 40.5C (105F)

clinically dead: 42.2C (108F)

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20
Q

what is the pH of the stomach?

A

pH of 2

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21
Q

what are the 5 cell types in the stomach?

A

goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, D cells, and G cells

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22
Q

what do goblet cells secrete in the stomach?

A

mucus (to protect the stomach lining)

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23
Q

what do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?

A

gastric acid (HCl)

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24
Q

what do chief cells secrete in the stomach?

A

pepsinogen

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25
Q

what do D cells secrete in the stomach?

A

somatostatin (inhibits acid secretion)

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26
Q

what do G cells secrete in the stomach?

A

gastrin (stimulates acid secretions)

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27
Q

in what environment can cancer live in?

A

cancer can ONLY live in an acidic environment

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28
Q

how does your body defend against ingesting toxic substances?

A

spitting out, throwing up, and diarrhea

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29
Q

what does everything absorbed via digestion pass through?

A

everything MUST pass through the hepatic portal vein

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30
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

a physiological process that occurs as a means to regulate homeostasis

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31
Q

what is a positive feedback loop?

A

a physiological process with a definitive end (ex. blood clotting)

32
Q

what is blood sugar managed by?

A

by the pancreas and the liver

33
Q

what is glycogensis?

A

the formation of glycogen by liver, caused by production of high blood sugar and pancreatic production of insulin

34
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

the ‘chopping’ off of glycogen into sugars, caused by production of glucagon by the pancreas

35
Q

how long does it take for all the blood in the body to be replaced?

A

around 90-120 days

36
Q

what do dead erythrocytes (red blood cells) break down into?

A

dead erythrocytes break down into hemoglobin

37
Q

what does hemoglobin break down into?

A

hemi and globin

38
Q

what is hemi turned into?

A

hemi gets turned into iron and bilirubin
-the iron goes into the bone marrow, which in turn produces more erythrocytes
-the bilirubin turns into bile by the liver before being stored in the gallbladder

39
Q

what does globin turn into?

A

globin is recycled into amino acids

40
Q

what does the liver make as a by-product of digestion?

A

the liver makes urea, which is the #1 molecule found in urine

41
Q

why is not using the restroom so dangerous?

A

uric acid can form in the blood and turn into ammonia (deadly!)

42
Q

how does your body get rid of urea?

A

via urination and via sweat

43
Q

what are the stages of digestion?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion

44
Q

what is ingestion?

A

the taking in of food into the body

45
Q

what is digestion?

A

the break down of food into smaller, simpler compounds

46
Q

what is absorption?

A

the diffusion of food nutrients into the blood

47
Q

what is assimilation?

A

the usage of digested materials to make new materials

48
Q

what is egestion?

A

the removal of undigested waste from the body

(the removal of fecal matter is defication)

49
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

peristalsis is a rhymic, wave-like contraction that happens in the gut wall via the contractor of antagonistic muscles that push food into the body

50
Q

what does bile do?

A

bile emulsifies fats, increasing their surface area for digestion

51
Q

what does a lacteal do?

A

lacteals absorb fat as fine droplets into the lymphatic system

52
Q

what are the 7 main functions of the liver?

A

production of heat, regulation blood sugar concentration, detoxification the body, create bile, storage of iron, syntization of proteins, and deamination of amino acids

53
Q

what type of tissue is the area between the mouth and esophagus called?

A

striated epithelial tissue (sheets of flat, shedding tissue)

54
Q

what type of tissue is the area between the stomach and the large intestine called?

A

columnar epithelial tissue (boxy, secreting and absorbing cells)

55
Q

what does the suffix ‘ase’ mean when referring to enzymes

A

enzymes that are functional

56
Q

what does the suffix ‘gen’ mean when referring to enzymes

A

the enzymes must be activated

57
Q

what are the different parts of the stomach lining?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

58
Q

what is a function/characteristic of the stomach layer mucosa?

A

contains gastric pits and glands that secrete mucus

59
Q

what is a function/characteristic of the stomach layer submucosa?

A

contains bloodvessels

60
Q

what is a function/characteristic of the stomach layer muscularis?

A

contains the muscles of the stomach (oblique, circular, and longitudinal)

61
Q

what is a function/characteristic of the stomach layer serosa?

A

a connective tissue layer, visceral peritoneum

62
Q

what does the stomach typically absorb?

A

water, monocaccharides, alcohol, and asprin

63
Q

what is the length of the small intestine, both postmortem and during life?

A

postmortem: 20 ft

during life: 12 ft

64
Q

what is the small intestine lining made out of? (elaborate more than just the tissue layer)

A

composed of columnar epithelial cells that contain a brush border of microvilli

65
Q

what is a lumen?

A

the cavity or channel, in the small intestine it contains villi, and the microvilli brush border

66
Q

what does a villi do?

A

absorbs water soluble nutrients into the blood stream

67
Q

what does lacteals do?

A

absorb fat into the lymphatic system

68
Q

what does the sphincter of oddi do?

A

controls flow of fluid from the pancreatic duct and common bile duct

69
Q

what does the duodenum do?

A

enzymatic digestion of chyme

70
Q

what does the jejunum do?

A

absorption of sugars and amino acid actively transported across mucosal lining

71
Q

what does the ileum do?

A

absobtion

72
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

manufactures hormones and digestive enzymes (such as insulin) and regulates blood sugar

73
Q

what is the downside of pancreaticly produced enzymes?

A

the insufficient and often slow delivery of products into the duodenum via pancreatic duct

74
Q

what cell aids in the production of bile ?

A

Kupffer cells, which eat dead erythrocytes

75
Q

fun fact: how many layers of cells protect your body from the deadly gastric juices

A

1 layer of cells

76
Q

what is the longest part of the small intestine?

A

the ileum (~12 ft long)

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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