Digestive System Physiology Flashcards
what are the building blocks of food
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and high E compounds
what is the Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ratio found in all carbohydrates?
1C:2H:1O
what do carbohydrates include?
polysaccharides, which contain disaccharides, which are composed of two monosaccharides
what do lipids include?
triglycerides, which are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
what are proteins composed of?
peptides, which are composed of amino acids
how many types of amino acids are there, and how many proteins can they form?
20 different types of amino acids, a limitless possibility of connections to form proteins
what do nucleic acids include?
either RNA or DNA, which is composed of nucleotides
what do high energy compounds include?
ATP, which is composed of nucleotides and phosphate groups
what is a primary protein structure?
an amino acid sequence
what is a secondary protein structure?
hydrogen bounding to peptide ‘back bone’, causing amino acids to ‘fold’ into pleated sheet and alpha helix
what is tertiary protein structure?
3-D folding pattern of a protein causing by side chain interactions
what are quaternary protein structures?
proteins consisting of more than one amino acid chain
what are the 3 salivary glands, and their relative positioning around the mouth?
parotid glands: near the ear
sublingual glands: directly under the tongue
submandibular glands: near the mandibular angle
what are the types of digestion that occur?
mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
name the 3 muscle layer of the stomach and their function
longitudinal muscle (superficial most layer): pulls the bottom of the stomach up
circular muscle: pulls the stomach side to side
oblique muscle (deepest muscle layer): pulls the stomach diagonally
name the alimentary canal structures, in order
mouth/oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
what protects your body from your stomach juices
thick layer of mucus on the stomach walls (a majority of gastric glands produce this mucus)
what are the 5 nucleotides?
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), uracil (U)
at what temperature do human proteins begin to denature, and at what temperature will a person be declared clinically dead at
proteins denature: 40.5C (105F)
clinically dead: 42.2C (108F)
what is the pH of the stomach?
pH of 2
what are the 5 cell types in the stomach?
goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, D cells, and G cells
what do goblet cells secrete in the stomach?
mucus (to protect the stomach lining)
what do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?
gastric acid (HCl)
what do chief cells secrete in the stomach?
pepsinogen
what do D cells secrete in the stomach?
somatostatin (inhibits acid secretion)
what do G cells secrete in the stomach?
gastrin (stimulates acid secretions)
in what environment can cancer live in?
cancer can ONLY live in an acidic environment
how does your body defend against ingesting toxic substances?
spitting out, throwing up, and diarrhea
what does everything absorbed via digestion pass through?
everything MUST pass through the hepatic portal vein
what is a negative feedback loop?
a physiological process that occurs as a means to regulate homeostasis