Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of joints (based on composition)?

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

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2
Q

What is the difference between a synchondrosis and symphysis?

A

Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage union, exists temporarily between the epiphysis and diaphysis of juvenile long bones and skull. Permanently between the skull and hyoid apparatus.

Symphysis: fibrocartilage union (mandible, pelvis, between vertebrae)

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3
Q

What are the five parts of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial membrane - vascular connective tissue that lines the inner surface of joint capsules. Has synoviocytes that synthesize synovial fluid.

Joint capsule - thick, fibrous capsule that supports joint

Synovial fluid - egg-white consistency fluid that functions as lubricant and provides nutrition (contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin).

Articular cartilage - see definition below.

Joint cavity - fluid-filled space that separates articulating bones

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of articular cartilage?

A

Avascular and aneural (no blood vessels, no nerves)

Acts as a shock absorber and a bearing surface

Absorbs synovial fluid which diffuses through the cartilage matrix to provide it with nourishment

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5
Q

What are synoviocytes and what is their function?

A

A type of cell that exists within the synovial membrane and synthesizes synovial fluid.

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6
Q

What is flexion?

A

decreasing the angle between two bones.

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7
Q

What is extension?

A

increasing the angle between two bones.

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8
Q

What is adduction?

A

moving a part toward the median line

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9
Q

What is abduction?

A

moving a part away from the median line

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10
Q

What is circumduction?

A

movement in a cone-shape

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11
Q

What is pronation?

A

rotating the limb so the paw/foot faces down

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12
Q

What is supination?

A

rotating the limb so the paw/foot faces up

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13
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
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14
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and their characteristics?

A

Cardiac muscle: striated, musculature of the heart, branched fibers.

Skeletal muscle: striated, generally attached to bone, usually under voluntary control, non-branched fibers

Smooth muscle: not striated, found in the walls of viscera (gut, vessels, glands, etc.)

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15
Q

What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

Origin: least movable end

Insertion: most movable end

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16
Q

What is myofiber?

A

muscle fibers that are made up of elongated, multinucleate cells

17
Q

What are Myofibrils?

A

bundles of protein filaments that cause contraction

18
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells; contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

19
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

loose or dense connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle

20
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

loose connective tissue defining muscle fascicles

21
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

small amounts of loose connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers

22
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

repetitive unit of myofibrils that are thick and thin filaments

23
Q

What is a bursa?

A

tiny, slippery sac of fluid/synovial pocket that provides a cushion and reduces friction between the tendons, ligaments, muscles, and bony prominences.

24
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Striated, branching fibers
  • Central nuclei
  • Myofibers are separated by intercalated discs
25
Q

What are the basic features of arteries?

A

White, thick, relatively rigid walls
Conveys oxygenated blood to all organs

26
Q

What are the basic features of veins?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood to the heart

Thinner walls, appear blue when filled with clotted blood

Have valves that ensure unidirectional flow and prevent reflux of blood when circulation stagnates

27
Q

What are the basic features of capillaries?

A

Smallest of the body’s vessels

Allows transfer of water, gasses, solutes, etc.