Iron

Question 1

65% fo the iron in the body is found as a part of ___

Answer 1

hemoglobin

Question 2

Sources of Iron

Answer 2

heme iron

non heme iron

Question 3

Heme iron is derived from

Answer 3

hymoglobin and myoglobin

Question 4

non heme iron is found in

Answer 4

meat
beans, dark green veg, dried fruit
blackstrap molasses
enriched foods

Question 5

heme or non heme iron is only found in animal products

Answer 5

heme iron

Question 6

iron exists in several oxidation states by only two are stable in the body which are;

Answer 6

Fe3+

Fe2+

Question 7

heme iron is hydrolyzed from hemoglobin and myoglobin in the _____

Answer 7

small intestine

Question 8

non hem iron is hydrolyzed from food components by HCL and proteases in the

Answer 8

stomach

Question 9

when heme iron is hydrolyzed in the stomach it releases

Answer 9

Fe3+

Question 10

FeOH3 which may be complexed from Fe3+ in the SI is relatively (Soluble/insoluble)

Answer 10

insoluble

Question 11

______ reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the duodenum

Answer 11

ferric reductase

Question 12

______ is needed as a cofactor for ferric reductase activity

Answer 12

vitamin c

Question 13

heme iron is absorbed throughout the

Answer 13

small intestine

Question 14

non heme iron is absorbed via____

Answer 14

DMT1 (divalent mineral transporter 1)

Question 15

factors that enhance non heme iron absorption

Answer 15

vitamin c
other organic acids (lactic, citric)
meat, fish, poultry
low iron status

Question 16

_____ strongly enhances the absorption of non heme iron by reducing dietary Fe3+ to Fe2+

Answer 16

vitamin c

Question 17

factors that inhibit iron absorption

Answer 17

phytic acids
polyphenols
oxalates
Ca Zn Cu Mn
nuts
soy, wheat, egg, whey
tea- peppermint, vervain, linden cham, GT
rapid transit time
decreased stomach acidity

Question 18

when iron stores are adequate or high the protein ______ is released from the liver

Answer 18

hepcidin

Question 19

hepcidin promotes the degradation of _____ which results in decreased transport of iron across basolateral membrane

Answer 19

ferroportin

Question 20

low levels of hepcidin when iron store are low ______ ferroprotin levels

Answer 20

increase

Question 21

____ transports iron through the enterocytes

Answer 21

mobilferring

Question 22

_____ is require for Fe to cross the basolateral membrane

Answer 22

ferroportin

Question 23

once iron is in the blood it is attached to the protein_____ for transport to other tissues

Answer 23

transferrin

Question 24

Fe__ leaving the enterocyte must be converted to Fe__

Answer 24

2+

3+

Question 25

the conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+ is catalyzed by

Answer 25

hephaestin | ceruloplasmin

Question 26

the number of transferring receptors expressed by a cell is determined by the amount of:

Answer 26

intracellular ion

Question 27

iron is primarily stored in the:

Answer 27

liver

Question 28

the two storage protein forms of iron are

Answer 28

ferritin | hemosiderin

Question 29

ferritin is the ______ storage protein for iron

Answer 29

primary

Question 30

ferritin is stable/unstable?

Answer 30

unstable

Question 31

hemosiderin is a degradation product of

Answer 31

ferritin

Question 32

hemosiderin levels increase when

Answer 32

iron overload

Question 33

most plasma iron comes from the degradation of :

Answer 33

hemoglobin ferritin hemosiderin

Question 34

functions of iron

Answer 34

oxygen transport and storage electron transport and energy metabolism enzymes

Question 35

_____ transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Answer 35

hemoglobin

Question 36

____ functions in the transport and short term storage of oxygen in mm cells

Answer 36

myglobin

Question 37

______ are heme containing compounds that sever as electron carriers during the synthesis of ATP int he mitochondiral ETC

Answer 37

cytochromes

Question 38

some important iron dependent enzymes

Answer 38

peroxidases ribonucleotide reductase tyroside hydroxylase monooxygenase

Question 39

iron is primarily excreted in the ____. ____. and ____

Answer 39

blood bile desquamated mucosal cells (GIT)

Question 40

iron deficiency is divided into what three leves

Answer 40

storage iron depletion early functional iron deficiency iron deficiency anemia

Question 41

iron deficiency anemia results when there is inadequate iron to support normal _____ formation

Answer 41

RBC

Question 42

anemia of iron is characterized as ____ and _____

Answer 42

microcytic | hypochromic

Question 43

mycrocytic anemia means

Answer 43

RBCs are smaller than normal

Question 44

hypochromic anemia means

Answer 44

hemoglobin content is decreased = they look pale

Question 45

sx associated with anemia include

Answer 45

fatigue tachycardia arrhythmias dyspnea

Question 46

why do the symptoms of anemia such as fatigue, tachycardia, arrhythmias,dyspnea arise

Answer 46

reduced hemoglobin content of RBCs causes decreased oxygen delivery to tissues

Question 47

other sx of iron deficiency include

Answer 47

cold intolerance poor concentration, mood disturbances angular stomatitis, atrophic glossitis alopecia, brittle- spoon nails

Question 48

increased risk of iron deficiency in

Answer 48

``` infants/kids teens menstruating females pregnancy chronic blood loss parasitic infections hypochlorhydria gastric bypass sugery celiac dz vegetarians/vegans regular intense exercise ```

Question 49

clinical indications for iron supplementation

Answer 49

restless leg syndrom

Question 50

adverse effects from iron supplementation include

Answer 50

constipation diarrhea dark tarry stools n/v abd discomfort

Question 51

iron supplements are better tolerated when taken____

Answer 51

in smaller divided doses with food

Question 52

there is a high risk for chronic iron toxicity in:

Answer 52

hemochromatosis thalassemia or sideroblastic anemia alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 53

what is hemochromatosis

Answer 53

increase iron absorption in the intestines that result in tissue iron overload

Question 54

what is hemochromatosis caused by

Answer 54

genetic mutation in the iron absorption proteins

Question 55

where will iron be deposited in hemochromatosis

Answer 55

joints, liver, heart, pancreas = which will damage these organs = organ failure

Question 56

treatment of hemochromatosis

Answer 56

freq phlebotomy

Question 57

_____ enhances absorption of non heme iron

Answer 57

vitamin c

Question 58

both hephaestin ad cerulopphasmin are ____ dependent enzymes

Answer 58

copper

Question 59

non hem iron and other divalent minerals such as_______compete for a common absorptive pathway

Answer 59

Ca Zn Cu Mn

Question 60

iron deficiency increases ____ absorption.

Answer 60

Lead

Question 61

___ inhibits incorporation of iron int o heme

Answer 61

lead

Question 62

____ sclera is often associated with iron deficiency

Answer 62

blue

Question 63

beeturia may also indicate iron____

Answer 63

deficiency

Question 64

serum ferritin level wil be _____ in early stages of iron deficiency

Answer 64

decreased

Question 65

MCV may be _____ in iron def

Answer 65

decreased

Question 66

RDW may be _____ in iron def

Answer 66

increased