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► Food & Nutrition 1 > Iron > Flashcards

Iron Flashcards

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1
Q

65% fo the iron in the body is found as a part of ___

A

hemoglobin

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2
Q

Sources of Iron

A

heme iron

non heme iron

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3
Q

Heme iron is derived from

A

hymoglobin and myoglobin

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4
Q

non heme iron is found in

A

meat
beans, dark green veg, dried fruit
blackstrap molasses
enriched foods

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5
Q

heme or non heme iron is only found in animal products

A

heme iron

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6
Q

iron exists in several oxidation states by only two are stable in the body which are;

A

Fe3+

Fe2+

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7
Q

heme iron is hydrolyzed from hemoglobin and myoglobin in the _____

A

small intestine

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8
Q

non hem iron is hydrolyzed from food components by HCL and proteases in the

A

stomach

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9
Q

when heme iron is hydrolyzed in the stomach it releases

A

Fe3+

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10
Q

FeOH3 which may be complexed from Fe3+ in the SI is relatively (Soluble/insoluble)

A

insoluble

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11
Q

______ reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the duodenum

A

ferric reductase

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12
Q

______ is needed as a cofactor for ferric reductase activity

A

vitamin c

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13
Q

heme iron is absorbed throughout the

A

small intestine

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14
Q

non heme iron is absorbed via____

A

DMT1 (divalent mineral transporter 1)

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15
Q

factors that enhance non heme iron absorption

A

vitamin c
other organic acids (lactic, citric)
meat, fish, poultry
low iron status

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16
Q

_____ strongly enhances the absorption of non heme iron by reducing dietary Fe3+ to Fe2+

A

vitamin c

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17
Q

factors that inhibit iron absorption

A 
phytic acids
polyphenols
oxalates
Ca Zn Cu Mn
nuts
soy, wheat, egg, whey
tea- peppermint, vervain, linden cham, GT
rapid transit time
decreased stomach acidity
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18
Q

when iron stores are adequate or high the protein ______ is released from the liver

A

hepcidin

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19
Q

hepcidin promotes the degradation of _____ which results in decreased transport of iron across basolateral membrane

A

ferroportin

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20
Q

low levels of hepcidin when iron store are low ______ ferroprotin levels

A

increase

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21
Q

____ transports iron through the enterocytes

A

mobilferring

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22
Q

_____ is require for Fe to cross the basolateral membrane

A

ferroportin

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23
Q

once iron is in the blood it is attached to the protein_____ for transport to other tissues

A

transferrin

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24
Q

Fe__ leaving the enterocyte must be converted to Fe__

A

2+

3+

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25
Q

the conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+ is catalyzed by

A

hephaestin

ceruloplasmin

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26
Q

the number of transferring receptors expressed by a cell is determined by the amount of:

A

intracellular ion

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27
Q

iron is primarily stored in the:

A

liver

28
Q

the two storage protein forms of iron are

A

ferritin

hemosiderin

29
Q

ferritin is the ______ storage protein for iron

A

primary

30
Q

ferritin is stable/unstable?

A

unstable

31
Q

hemosiderin is a degradation product of

A

ferritin

32
Q

hemosiderin levels increase when

A

iron overload

33
Q

most plasma iron comes from the degradation of :

A

hemoglobin
ferritin
hemosiderin

34
Q

functions of iron

A

oxygen transport and storage
electron transport and energy metabolism
enzymes

35
Q

_____ transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

A

hemoglobin

36
Q

____ functions in the transport and short term storage of oxygen in mm cells

A

myglobin

37
Q

______ are heme containing compounds that sever as electron carriers during the synthesis of ATP int he mitochondiral ETC

A

cytochromes

38
Q

some important iron dependent enzymes

A

peroxidases
ribonucleotide reductase
tyroside hydroxylase
monooxygenase

39
Q

iron is primarily excreted in the ____. ____. and ____

A

blood
bile
desquamated mucosal cells (GIT)

40
Q

iron deficiency is divided into what three leves

A

storage iron depletion
early functional iron deficiency
iron deficiency anemia

41
Q

iron deficiency anemia results when there is inadequate iron to support normal _____ formation

A

RBC

42
Q

anemia of iron is characterized as ____ and _____

A

microcytic

hypochromic

43
Q

mycrocytic anemia means

A

RBCs are smaller than normal

44
Q

hypochromic anemia means

A

hemoglobin content is decreased = they look pale

45
Q

sx associated with anemia include

A

fatigue
tachycardia
arrhythmias
dyspnea

46
Q

why do the symptoms of anemia such as fatigue, tachycardia, arrhythmias,dyspnea arise

A

reduced hemoglobin content of RBCs causes decreased oxygen delivery to tissues

47
Q

other sx of iron deficiency include

A

cold intolerance
poor concentration, mood disturbances
angular stomatitis, atrophic glossitis
alopecia, brittle- spoon nails

48
Q

increased risk of iron deficiency in

A 
infants/kids
teens
menstruating females
pregnancy
chronic blood loss
parasitic infections
hypochlorhydria
gastric bypass sugery
celiac dz
vegetarians/vegans
regular intense exercise
49
Q

clinical indications for iron supplementation

A

restless leg syndrom

50
Q

adverse effects from iron supplementation include

A

constipation diarrhea
dark tarry stools
n/v
abd discomfort

51
Q

iron supplements are better tolerated when taken____

A

in smaller divided doses with food

52
Q

there is a high risk for chronic iron toxicity in:

A

hemochromatosis
thalassemia or sideroblastic anemia
alcoholic cirrhosis

53
Q

what is hemochromatosis

A

increase iron absorption in the intestines that result in tissue iron overload

54
Q

what is hemochromatosis caused by

A

genetic mutation in the iron absorption proteins

55
Q

where will iron be deposited in hemochromatosis

A

joints, liver, heart, pancreas = which will damage these organs = organ failure

56
Q

treatment of hemochromatosis

A

freq phlebotomy

57
Q

_____ enhances absorption of non heme iron

A

vitamin c

58
Q

both hephaestin ad cerulopphasmin are ____ dependent enzymes

A

copper

59
Q

non hem iron and other divalent minerals such as_______compete for a common absorptive pathway

A

Ca
Zn
Cu
Mn

60
Q

iron deficiency increases ____ absorption.

A

Lead

61
Q

___ inhibits incorporation of iron int o heme

A

lead

62
Q

____ sclera is often associated with iron deficiency

A

blue

63
Q

beeturia may also indicate iron____

A

deficiency

64
Q

serum ferritin level wil be _____ in early stages of iron deficiency

A

decreased

65
Q

MCV may be _____ in iron def

A

decreased

66
Q

RDW may be _____ in iron def

A

increased

► Food & Nutrition 1 (21 decks)

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