Copper

Question 1

copper is found in the body in what two states

Answer 1

Cu1+ Cu2+

Question 2

copper sources include

Answer 2

organ meats, shellfish, whole grain, nuts, seeds

Question 3

copper is bound to organic substances in food and is release in the ___ by hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Answer 3

ST

Question 4

copper is release into the SI by

Answer 4

proteolytic enzymes

Question 5

prior to being absorbed, most Cu2+ is reduced to Cu1+ by

Answer 5

copper reductase

Question 6

copper is mostly absorbed in the SI in what two pathways

Answer 6

active carrier mediated transporters (CTR1) and DMT 1

non saturable passive diffusion

Question 7

factors that enhance copper absorption

Answer 7

a.a’s : histidine, and sulfer containing aa’s
organic acids: hydrochloric, citric, lactic, acetic, malic
low copper status

Question 8

factors that inhibit copper absorption

Answer 8

phytates
vitamin c
other minerals :Zn Fe, Mb, Ca, K
hypochlorhydria or excessive use of antacids

Question 9

once absorbed, the intestinal cell can do what three things with copper

Answer 9

used by enterocyte
stored in enterocyte (for use or elim at metallothionin)
transported through cytosol to enter circulation

Question 10

copper enters the blood from enterocytes bound primarily to___

Answer 10

albumin

Question 11

copper is first brought to the

Answer 11

liver

Question 12

in the liver copper binds to____ and then is transferred to ceruloplasmin for transport to ther tissues

Answer 12

metallothionein

Question 13

copper concentrates primarily in the

Answer 13

liver brain kidney

Question 14

copper is stored bound to various proteins, primarily_____

Answer 14

metallothionine

Question 15

functions of copper

Answer 15

cofactor in various copper dependent enzymes
angiogenesis
production of neutrophils

Question 16

some of the enzymes that are dependent on copper

Answer 16

ferroxidases
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
cytochrome c oxidase
lysyl oxidase
dopamine monooxygenase
tyrosinase

Question 17

______ oxidizes Fe2+ to ferric acid Fe3+

Answer 17

ferroxidase

Question 18

by binding copper_______ prevents free copper ions from catalyzing oxidative damage

Answer 18

ceroloplasmin

Question 19

SOD functions as an ____ by catalyzing superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide

Answer 19

antioxidant

Question 20

Lysyl oxidase is required for the cross linking of ___ and ____

Answer 20

collagen and elastin

Question 21

dopamine monooxygenase is responsible for the conversion of ____ to NE

Answer 21

dopamine

Question 22

tyrosinase is required for the formation of ___

Answer 22

pigment melanin

Question 23

copper is excreted primarily through the _____ via bile

Answer 23

intestines

Question 24

increase risk of copper deficiency in what types of situations:

Answer 24

infants exclusively fed cows milk

high supplemental zinc can lead to Cu deficiency

Question 25

S&S of copper def

Answer 25

microcytic, hypochromic anemia neutropenia and impaired immune function hypopigmentation of skin and hair

Question 26

clinical indications for copper supplementation

Answer 26

only used in copper deficiency

Question 27

should cupric oxide be used as a copper supplement

Answer 27

NO!

Question 28

examples of copper preparations

Answer 28

``` cupric sulfate gluconate citrate picolinate oxide chloride acetate carbonate ```

Question 29

supplemental doses of 2mg of more of copper may cause:

Answer 29

n/v | constipation

Question 30

Sx of acutecopper toxicity

Answer 30

abd pain | n/v/d

Question 31

chronic copper oxicity may lead to

Answer 31

kidney damage | death

Question 32

Wilsons disease is a result of

Answer 32

genetic disorder of copper metabolism

Question 33

wilsons disease results in what

Answer 33

defective biliary copper excretion

Question 34

in wilsons disease, copper will accumulate where?

Answer 34

``` liver brain kidneys cornea spleen ```

Question 35

treatment of wilsons disease

Answer 35

low copper diet and use of penecillamine

Question 36

prolonged copper deficiency can cause a secondary ___ deficiency

Answer 36

iron deficiency anemia

Question 37

high supplemental ___ can lead to copper deficiencey

Answer 37

zinc

Question 38

copper forms an insoluble complex with ___ in the digestive tract preventing the absorption of either mineral

Answer 38

Molybdenum

Question 39

____ may chelate copper and increase its urinary excretion

Answer 39

ALA