Copper Flashcards

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1
Q

copper is found in the body in what two states

A

Cu1+ Cu2+

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2
Q

copper sources include

A

organ meats, shellfish, whole grain, nuts, seeds

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3
Q

copper is bound to organic substances in food and is release in the ___ by hydrochloric acid and pepsin

A

ST

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4
Q

copper is release into the SI by

A

proteolytic enzymes

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5
Q

prior to being absorbed, most Cu2+ is reduced to Cu1+ by

A

copper reductase

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6
Q

copper is mostly absorbed in the SI in what two pathways

A

active carrier mediated transporters (CTR1) and DMT 1

non saturable passive diffusion

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7
Q

factors that enhance copper absorption

A

a.a’s : histidine, and sulfer containing aa’s
organic acids: hydrochloric, citric, lactic, acetic, malic
low copper status

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8
Q

factors that inhibit copper absorption

A

phytates
vitamin c
other minerals :Zn Fe, Mb, Ca, K
hypochlorhydria or excessive use of antacids

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9
Q

once absorbed, the intestinal cell can do what three things with copper

A

used by enterocyte
stored in enterocyte (for use or elim at metallothionin)
transported through cytosol to enter circulation

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10
Q

copper enters the blood from enterocytes bound primarily to___

A

albumin

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11
Q

copper is first brought to the

A

liver

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12
Q

in the liver copper binds to____ and then is transferred to ceruloplasmin for transport to ther tissues

A

metallothionein

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13
Q

copper concentrates primarily in the

A

liver brain kidney

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14
Q

copper is stored bound to various proteins, primarily_____

A

metallothionine

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15
Q

functions of copper

A

cofactor in various copper dependent enzymes
angiogenesis
production of neutrophils

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16
Q

some of the enzymes that are dependent on copper

A
ferroxidases
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
cytochrome c oxidase
lysyl oxidase
dopamine monooxygenase
tyrosinase
17
Q

______ oxidizes Fe2+ to ferric acid Fe3+

A

ferroxidase

18
Q

by binding copper_______ prevents free copper ions from catalyzing oxidative damage

A

ceroloplasmin

19
Q

SOD functions as an ____ by catalyzing superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide

A

antioxidant

20
Q

Lysyl oxidase is required for the cross linking of ___ and ____

A

collagen and elastin

21
Q

dopamine monooxygenase is responsible for the conversion of ____ to NE

A

dopamine

22
Q

tyrosinase is required for the formation of ___

A

pigment melanin

23
Q

copper is excreted primarily through the _____ via bile

A

intestines

24
Q

increase risk of copper deficiency in what types of situations:

A

infants exclusively fed cows milk

high supplemental zinc can lead to Cu deficiency

25
Q

S&S of copper def

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia
neutropenia and impaired immune function
hypopigmentation of skin and hair

26
Q

clinical indications for copper supplementation

A

only used in copper deficiency

27
Q

should cupric oxide be used as a copper supplement

A

NO!

28
Q

examples of copper preparations

A
cupric sulfate
gluconate
citrate
picolinate
oxide
chloride
acetate
carbonate
29
Q

supplemental doses of 2mg of more of copper may cause:

A

n/v

constipation

30
Q

Sx of acutecopper toxicity

A

abd pain

n/v/d

31
Q

chronic copper oxicity may lead to

A

kidney damage

death

32
Q

Wilsons disease is a result of

A

genetic disorder of copper metabolism

33
Q

wilsons disease results in what

A

defective biliary copper excretion

34
Q

in wilsons disease, copper will accumulate where?

A
liver
brain
kidneys
cornea
spleen
35
Q

treatment of wilsons disease

A

low copper diet and use of penecillamine

36
Q

prolonged copper deficiency can cause a secondary ___ deficiency

A

iron deficiency anemia

37
Q

high supplemental ___ can lead to copper deficiencey

A

zinc

38
Q

copper forms an insoluble complex with ___ in the digestive tract preventing the absorption of either mineral

A

Molybdenum

39
Q

____ may chelate copper and increase its urinary excretion

A

ALA