Copper Flashcards
copper is found in the body in what two states
Cu1+ Cu2+
copper sources include
organ meats, shellfish, whole grain, nuts, seeds
copper is bound to organic substances in food and is release in the ___ by hydrochloric acid and pepsin
ST
copper is release into the SI by
proteolytic enzymes
prior to being absorbed, most Cu2+ is reduced to Cu1+ by
copper reductase
copper is mostly absorbed in the SI in what two pathways
active carrier mediated transporters (CTR1) and DMT 1
non saturable passive diffusion
factors that enhance copper absorption
a.a’s : histidine, and sulfer containing aa’s
organic acids: hydrochloric, citric, lactic, acetic, malic
low copper status
factors that inhibit copper absorption
phytates
vitamin c
other minerals :Zn Fe, Mb, Ca, K
hypochlorhydria or excessive use of antacids
once absorbed, the intestinal cell can do what three things with copper
used by enterocyte
stored in enterocyte (for use or elim at metallothionin)
transported through cytosol to enter circulation
copper enters the blood from enterocytes bound primarily to___
albumin
copper is first brought to the
liver
in the liver copper binds to____ and then is transferred to ceruloplasmin for transport to ther tissues
metallothionein
copper concentrates primarily in the
liver brain kidney
copper is stored bound to various proteins, primarily_____
metallothionine
functions of copper
cofactor in various copper dependent enzymes
angiogenesis
production of neutrophils
some of the enzymes that are dependent on copper
ferroxidases superoxide dismutase (SOD) cytochrome c oxidase lysyl oxidase dopamine monooxygenase tyrosinase
______ oxidizes Fe2+ to ferric acid Fe3+
ferroxidase
by binding copper_______ prevents free copper ions from catalyzing oxidative damage
ceroloplasmin
SOD functions as an ____ by catalyzing superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide
antioxidant
Lysyl oxidase is required for the cross linking of ___ and ____
collagen and elastin
dopamine monooxygenase is responsible for the conversion of ____ to NE
dopamine
tyrosinase is required for the formation of ___
pigment melanin
copper is excreted primarily through the _____ via bile
intestines
increase risk of copper deficiency in what types of situations:
infants exclusively fed cows milk
high supplemental zinc can lead to Cu deficiency
S&S of copper def
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
neutropenia and impaired immune function
hypopigmentation of skin and hair
clinical indications for copper supplementation
only used in copper deficiency
should cupric oxide be used as a copper supplement
NO!
examples of copper preparations
cupric sulfate gluconate citrate picolinate oxide chloride acetate carbonate
supplemental doses of 2mg of more of copper may cause:
n/v
constipation
Sx of acutecopper toxicity
abd pain
n/v/d
chronic copper oxicity may lead to
kidney damage
death
Wilsons disease is a result of
genetic disorder of copper metabolism
wilsons disease results in what
defective biliary copper excretion
in wilsons disease, copper will accumulate where?
liver brain kidneys cornea spleen
treatment of wilsons disease
low copper diet and use of penecillamine
prolonged copper deficiency can cause a secondary ___ deficiency
iron deficiency anemia
high supplemental ___ can lead to copper deficiencey
zinc
copper forms an insoluble complex with ___ in the digestive tract preventing the absorption of either mineral
Molybdenum
____ may chelate copper and increase its urinary excretion
ALA
