Introduction to the Limbs

Question 1

features of the upper limb

Answer 1

has almost mo locomotor
great degree of freedom of movement function
can be used as a locomotor prop such as a crutch
for grasping and manipulating

Question 2

Summeryof the development of the limbs

Answer 2

week 4 of development
specialised cells migrate from the somites and lateral plate mesoderm
limbs bud from where arms and legs will develop

Question 3

What is the origin of a muscle

Answer 3

usually proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscle contraction

Question 4

insertion end of the muscle

Answer 4

usually the distal end of the muscle, which is movable

Question 5

in what direction does muscles contract

Answer 5

insertion to Origin end

however some can contract under both in different circumstances

Question 6

What are the two types of muscle contraction

Answer 6

isometric and isotonic

Question 7

Isometric

Answer 7

increase in tone and not length

Question 8

isotonic

Answer 8

tone stays the same but the length changes

Question 9

two types of isotonic contraction

Answer 9

concentric - sliding filament and shortens

eccentric - elongates under tension (opposition)

Question 10

prime mover

Answer 10

muscles that plays a primary role in moving the body

Question 11

agonist

Answer 11

muscle that acts directly to produce a desired movement

Question 12

synergist

Answer 12

muscles which prevented unwanted movement and assist with prime mover

Question 13

antagonist

Answer 13

muscle which directly oppose a movement

Question 14

fixating muscle

Answer 14

muscles that provide that support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place during movement

Question 15

role of superficial fascia

Answer 15

contains adipose tissue and is just beneath the skin

Question 16

role of deep fascia

Answer 16

• unsheathes muscles but is continuous
• facilitates contraction
• barrier between muscles
• compartments of muscles
• passages for nerves and vessels
• attachment for muscles and holds tendons in place

Question 17

What is compartment syndrome

Answer 17

an injury to the muscle within a tough compartment may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses neuromuscular bundles

Question 18

Tell me about the compartments in the arm

Answer 18

the inter muscular septa divide it into an anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments

Question 19

tell me about the compartments in the forearm

Answer 19

the ante brachial fascia forms the interosseous membrane that separates anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor)

Question 20

tell me about the compartments in the thigh

Answer 20

the deep fascia is thicker and is called the fascialata. thickens laterally as the ilitibial tract and sends septa to divide the thigh into anterior (extensor) and posterior (flexor) and medial (abductor)

Question 21

the fascia in the leg are known as what

Answer 21

crural fascia which fuses with the tibia to form 10 interosseous membrane and 4 compartments

• anterior
• posterior superficial
• posterior deep
• lateral

Question 22

what is a dermatome

Answer 22

strip of skin supplied by one spinal nerve

Question 23

what is a myotome

Answer 23

skeletal muscle supplied by 1 spinal nerve

Question 24

where do spinal nerve emerge from

Answer 24

intervertebral foramen
C1-7 ABOVE
C8 BELOW C7
T1 BELOW

Question 25

Brachial plexus in axilla

Answer 25

C5-T1

Question 26

Lumbo-Sacral plexus

Answer 26

Within posts major on the post. abdominal wall and on the lateral wall of the pelvis
derived from L1 to L5 and S1 to 4

Question 27

veins for phlebotomy

Answer 27

cephalic
basilic
median cubital

Question 28

direction of venous flow

Answer 28

superficial to deep via perforators

Question 29

aids to venous drainage

Answer 29

muscle pump
arterial pulsation
negative intrathoracic pressure
valves in veins