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Y1S2 > Bloodborne Pathogens > Flashcards

Bloodborne Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

transmission methods of blood borne pathogens

A
  • direct contact with infected blood/fluids
  • infection via contaminated needles, syringes, or other unsterilised equipment
  • direct infection into the blood stream by arthropod vectors
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2
Q

three routes of HIV transmission

A
  • via blood/blood products or contaminated needles
  • sexually (virus is present in semen and vaginal secretions)
  • perinatally (transplacentally during delivery, ingestion of breast milk)
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3
Q

viral features of HIV

A

retrovirus - uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA copy from viral RNA
Has surface proteins

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4
Q

where do drugs relating to the treatment of HIV target

A
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • lack of editing allows resistant mutants to emerge rapidly so target this by using Non-ucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  • protease inhibitors
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5
Q

how does HIV progress to AIDS

A
  • exposure to HIV
  • seroconversion
  • asymptomatic
  • persistant generalised lymphadenopathy
  • AIDS related clinical features
  • AIDS
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6
Q

What do you need to be diagnosed with AIDS

A

HIV + and CD4 less then 200

HIV+ and a certain condition

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7
Q

what is the main therapy used in treating HIV

A 
Anti-retrovrial therapy ART
this treatment includes 
– 1 NRTI + 1 PI
or
– 2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI
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8
Q

Diagnosis of HIV Infection

A

• Diagnosis of HIV-specific antibodies
– ELISA
– Western blotting
• NAAT used to detect viral RNA in serum
• Quantitative NAAT used to measure viral load
• Individual testing must be preceded by counselling
• An initial negative result should always be followed up

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9
Q

Prevention of HIV Infection

A
  • Screening of blood products
  • Needle exchange programmes
  • Anti-retroviral prophylaxis for needlestick injuries
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10
Q

surface antigen

A

HBsAg
– Indicates infectivity
– Anti-HBsAg provides immunity & appears late

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11
Q

core antigen

A

HBcAg

– Appears early in infection

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12
Q

pre-core antigen

A

HBeAg

– Indicates high transmissibility

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13
Q

HBV - Stages of Infection

A

• Long incubation period - up to 6 months
• Development of acute hepatitis
• Fulminant disease carries 1-2% mortality rate
• 50% patients develop chronic active hepatitis
– Cirrhosis
– Hepatocellular carcinoma

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14
Q

HBV - Clinical Features

A 
• Pre-icteric Stage
– Malaise
– Anorexia
– Nausea
– Pain in right upper quadrant (tender liver)

• Icteric Stage
– Jaundice
– Dark urine (bilirubin)

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15
Q

Jaundice

A

• Yellowish pigmentation – Skin
– Sclerae
– Other mucous membranes
• Caused by hyperbilirubemia

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16
Q

HBV - Treatment

A

• Pegylated interferon (peginterferon) sustaining suppression of viral replication

Antiviral activity of nucleoside analogues

17
Q

HBV - Prevention

A 
HBsAg vaccine
• HBV immunoglobulin
• Blood screening
• Needle exchange programmes
• Sexual health education
18
Q

HCV - Viral Features

A
  • Destroys liver cells

* Virus cannot be cultured

19
Q

HCV - Clinical Features

A
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Weight loss
  • May rarely progresses to cirrhosis
  • Small proportion may develop hepatocellular carcinoma
20
Q

HCV - Treatment

A
  • alpha-Interferon reduces liver transaminases in 80% of patients
  • Ribavirin works well in combination with pegylated α-interferon
  • Combination therapy
  • Monitor viral load by NAAT
  • No vaccine available yet
21
Q

HCV - Screening

A
  • NAAT performed on blood samples

* Therefore current incidence of transfusion- associated HCV is low

22
Q

Malaria - Cause

A

– P. falciparumFemale Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoa into the bloodstream
• Zoonotic disease

23
Q

Malaria – Clinical Features

A 
• Fever
• Flu-like symptoms
• P. falciparum infection can rapidly progress to death
• P. falciparum affects every organ 
– wide range of complications e.g.
– Cerebral malaria 
– Circulatory shock 
– Hepatitis
24
Q

Malaria - Diagnosis

A
  • At least 3 blood films (both thick and thin) obtained from different times for microscopy
  • NAAT – useful for detecting drug resistance
25
Q

Malaria - Treatment

A
  • Chemotherapy kills blood stages of parasite
  • Resistance means treatment advice should be changed regularly
  • Combination therapy is the norm
26
Q

Malaria - Prevention

A
  • Sleep under bed nets
  • Cover exposed skin between dusk and dawn
  • Use of mosquito repellants
  • Prophylaxis
  • Vaccines currently being developed

Y1S2 (73 decks)

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