INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY Flashcards
define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it
define nursing as a unique discipline
NURSING THEORIES
Beliefs and values known and understood by a group or discipline
PHILOSOPHY
Refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation
Used to describe, predict, or control phenomena
THEORY
Building blocks of theories
Primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images
CONCEPT
overview of the thinking behind the theory and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice
MODELS
Group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Statements that describe the relationship between the concepts
PROPOSITION (RELATIONAL STATEMENT)
Perspective or territory of a profession or discipline
DOMAIN
organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result
PROCESS
Pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world
PARADIGM
Most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models developed
articulating relationships among 4 major concepts
METAPARADIGM
refers to a branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of knowledge
Discipline
refers to a specialized field of practice founded upon the theoretical structure of science
Profession
Discipline is dependent upon ___
theory
3 methods used to study nursing theoretical works critically
a, c, e
Analysis, critique, and evaluation
The consistent structural form of terms
“how clear is this theory?”
Clarity
provide guidance and have a few concepts as possible with simplistic relations to aid clarity
“how simple is this theory?”
Simplicity
the scope of application and the purpose within the theory
“how general is this theory?”
Generality
empirical relevance: correspondence between a particular theory and the objective empirical data
(how accessible the theory is?)
Accessibility
Two competing philosophical foundations of science
c- R, E
→ RATIONALISM
→ EMPIRICISM
We can have knowledge independent of sense experience (innate ideas - intuitions - deductions)
emphasizes the importance of a priori reasoning for advancing knowledge
(deductive)
(THEORY THEN RESEARCH STRATEGY)
RATIONALISM
we can have knowledge through experience
knowledge can be derived from sensory-experience
(inductive)
(RESEARCH THEN THEORY STRATEGY)
EMPIRICISM
Focuses on discovering patterns that may describe, explain, and predict phenomena INTERPRETIVE
recognizes that absolute truth cannot be ascertained
POST-POSITIVISM
views the biophysical, psychological, and sociological subsystems as related but separate
Wholism
natural work exists
insists that knowledge and beliefs are gained by one’s senses guided by reason and by the various methods of science
Naturalism
recognizes that multiple subsystems are in continuous interaction and that mind-body relationships do exist
Holistic
the reasoning is narrow and goes from general to specific
DEDUCTIVE
reasoning is much broader and exploratory in nature as one goes from specific to general
INDUCTIVE
constructed independently of a
specific time or place
ABSTRACT
directly experienced
and relate to a particular time or
place
CONCRETE
identifies categories or classes of phenomena
DISCRETE
permits classification of dimensions or gradations of a phenomenon
CONTINUOUS
provide descriptions of the concept
Definitions
define a particular concept based on the theorist’s perspective
Theoretical Definitions
states how concepts are measured
Operational Definitions
Contributed to nursing knowledge by providing direction for the discipline, forming a basis for professional scholarship, and leading to new theoretical understandings
NURSING PHILOSOPHIES
specify a perspective and produce evidence among phenomena specific to the discipline
NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODELS
Has the most specific focus and is concrete in its level of abstraction
Develop evidence for nursing practice outcomes
MIDDLE RANGE THEORY
4 major concepts (P, E, H, N)
Person, Environment, Health and Nursing
the one who put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him
NURSING
Immediate knowledge of the disease with the existing sanitary conditions in the area
ENVIRONMENT
nursing program is included in courses
develop specialized knowledge and higher education
moving nursing education into universities
course selection
Curriculum Era
research process and long range goal of acquiring substantive knowledge
participate in research
research courses were included in nursing curriculum
isolated studies do not yield unified knowledge
research era
focus graduate education on knowledge development
master’s degree programs
development of nursing knowledge
graduate education era
theories guide nursing research and practice
general acceptance of nursing as a profession and an academic discipline
research and theory were required to produce nursing science moved nurses forward toward their goal
theory era
nursing frameworks produce evidence for quality care
theory development emerged as process and product
recognized limitations of theory
theory of utilization era
deductive inquiry uses
theory then research approach
inductive inquiry uses
research then theory approach
focused on analysis of theory structure
philosophers
focused on empirical research
scientists
how we experience the objects of the external world and provides explanation how we construct objects of experience
phenomenology
five criteria for the analysis of theory:
c, s, g, a, I
criteria generality simplicity accessibility importance
