Betty Neuman

Question 1

a nursing theorist who developed the Neuman Systems Model

Answer 1

Betty Neuman

Question 2

“a unique, open-system-based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns. A system acts as a boundary for a single client, a group, or even several groups; it can also be defined as a social issue. A client system in interaction with the environment delineates the domain of nursing concerns.”

Answer 2

Neuman Systems Model

Question 3

views the client as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment

Answer 3

Neuman Systems Model

Question 4

Nursing interventions occur through 3 prevention modalities.

Answer 4

Primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention

Question 5

occurs before the stressor invades the system;

Answer 5

Primary prevention

Question 6

occurs after the system has reacted to an invading stressor;

Answer 6

secondary prevention

Question 7

occurs after secondary prevention as reconstitution is being established.

Answer 7

tertiary prevention

Question 8

A system in which there is a continuous flow of input and process, output and feedback. It is a system of organized complexity, where all elements are in interaction.

Answer 8

Open System

Question 9

or central core, comprises those basic survival factors common to the species.

Answer 9

Basic Stricture and Energy Resources

Question 10

physiological variable
psychological variable
sociocultural variable
developmental variable
spiritual variable

Answer 10

Client Variables

Question 11

refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs

Answer 11

spiritual variable

Question 12

refers to those processes related to development over the lifespan

Answer 12

developmental variable

Question 13

refers to system functions that relate to social and cultural expectations and activities.

Answer 13

sociocultural variable

Question 14

refers to mental processes and relationships

Answer 14

psychological variable

Question 15

refers to the structure and functions of the body

Answer 15

physiological variable

Question 16

A protective accordion-like mechanism that surrounds and protects the normal line of defense from invasion by stressors.

Answer 16

Flexible line of defense

Question 17

An adaptational level of health developed over time and is considered normal for a particular individual client or system; it becomes a standard for wellness-deviance determination.

Answer 17

Normal line of defense

Question 18

Protection factors are activated when stressors have penetrated the normal line of defense, causing reaction symptomatology.

Answer 18

Lines of resistance

Question 19

Subconcepts of Neuman Systems Model

Answer 19

Stressors
Stability
Degree of Reaction
Entropy
Negentropy
Input/Output
Reconstitution
Prevention as Intervention

Question 20

any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either a positive or negative outcome.

Answer 20

Stressors

Question 21

A state of balance or harmony requiring energy exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal health level, thus preserving system integrity.

Answer 21

Stability

Question 22

The amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the normal line of defense.

Answer 22

Degree of Reaction

Question 23

A process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death.

Answer 23

Entropy

Question 24

An energy conservation process that increases organization and complexity, moving the system toward stability or a higher degree of wellness.

Answer 24

Negentropy

Question 25

The matter, energy, and information exchanged between the client and environment entering or leaving the system at any point in time.

Answer 25

Input/Output

Question 26

Following treatment of stressor reaction, the return and maintenance of system stability may result in a higher or lower wellness level.

Answer 26

Reconstitution

Question 27

Intervention modes for nursing action and determinants for both client and nurse entry into the health care system.

Answer 27

Prevention as Intervention

Question 28

occur within the client system boundary and correlate with the internal environment.

Answer 28

Intrapersonal stressors

Question 29

occur outside the client system boundary, are proximal to the system, and impact the system.

Answer 29

Interpersonal stressors

Question 30

occur outside the client system boundaries but are at a greater distance from the system than are interpersonal stressors. An example is a social policy.

Answer 30

Extrapersonal stressors