Betty Neuman Flashcards
a nursing theorist who developed the Neuman Systems Model
Betty Neuman
“a unique, open-system-based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns. A system acts as a boundary for a single client, a group, or even several groups; it can also be defined as a social issue. A client system in interaction with the environment delineates the domain of nursing concerns.”
Neuman Systems Model
views the client as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment
Neuman Systems Model
Nursing interventions occur through 3 prevention modalities.
Primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
occurs before the stressor invades the system;
Primary prevention
occurs after the system has reacted to an invading stressor;
secondary prevention
occurs after secondary prevention as reconstitution is being established.
tertiary prevention
A system in which there is a continuous flow of input and process, output and feedback. It is a system of organized complexity, where all elements are in interaction.
Open System
or central core, comprises those basic survival factors common to the species.
Basic Stricture and Energy Resources
physiological variable psychological variable sociocultural variable developmental variable spiritual variable
Client Variables
refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs
spiritual variable
refers to those processes related to development over the lifespan
developmental variable
refers to system functions that relate to social and cultural expectations and activities.
sociocultural variable
refers to mental processes and relationships
psychological variable
refers to the structure and functions of the body
physiological variable
A protective accordion-like mechanism that surrounds and protects the normal line of defense from invasion by stressors.
Flexible line of defense
An adaptational level of health developed over time and is considered normal for a particular individual client or system; it becomes a standard for wellness-deviance determination.
Normal line of defense
Protection factors are activated when stressors have penetrated the normal line of defense, causing reaction symptomatology.
Lines of resistance
Subconcepts of Neuman Systems Model
Stressors Stability Degree of Reaction Entropy Negentropy Input/Output Reconstitution Prevention as Intervention
any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either a positive or negative outcome.
Stressors
A state of balance or harmony requiring energy exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal health level, thus preserving system integrity.
Stability
The amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the normal line of defense.
Degree of Reaction
A process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death.
Entropy
An energy conservation process that increases organization and complexity, moving the system toward stability or a higher degree of wellness.
Negentropy
The matter, energy, and information exchanged between the client and environment entering or leaving the system at any point in time.
Input/Output
Following treatment of stressor reaction, the return and maintenance of system stability may result in a higher or lower wellness level.
Reconstitution
Intervention modes for nursing action and determinants for both client and nurse entry into the health care system.
Prevention as Intervention
occur within the client system boundary and correlate with the internal environment.
Intrapersonal stressors
occur outside the client system boundary, are proximal to the system, and impact the system.
Interpersonal stressors
occur outside the client system boundaries but are at a greater distance from the system than are interpersonal stressors. An example is a social policy.
Extrapersonal stressors
