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Infection > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What types of organism can cause disease?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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2
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

Nucleic acid in centre
Protein coat
Envelope
Protein spikes

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3
Q

What is the function of the protein spikes on a virus?

A

Receptors for binding to specific proteins on host cells

Binding stimulates endocytosis

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4
Q

What system is used to classify viruses?

A

Baltimore classification

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5
Q

What is the Baltimore calssification?

A

Class 1 - Double stranded DNA
Class 2 - Single stranded DNA
Class 3 - Double stranded RNA
Class 4 - + single stranded RNA
Class 5 - - single stranded RNA
Class 6 - single stranded RNA - reverse transcriptase
Class 7 - double stranded DNA - reverse transcriptase

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6
Q

How can DNA viruses be split?

A

Single stranded + non-enveloped
Double stranded + non-enveloped
Double stranded + enveloped

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7
Q

What is an example of a single stranded non-enveloped DNA virus?

A

Parvovirus 19

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8
Q

What are examples of double stranded non-enveloped DNA viruses?

A

Adenovirus
HPV
BK virus

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9
Q

What are examples of double stranded enveloped DNA viruses?

A

Herpes virus

Hepatitis B

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10
Q

How can RNA viruses be split?

A

Single stranded / double stranded
Positive strand / negative strand
Icosahedral / helical
Enveloped / non-enveloped

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11
Q

What are examples of single stranded, positive strand, iscosahedral non-enveloped RNA viruses?

A

Enterovirus
Norovirus
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E

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12
Q

What are examples of single stranded, positive strand, enveloped RNA viruses?

A

HIV
Hepatitis C
Rubella virus
Yellow fever virus

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13
Q

What are examples of single stranded, negative strand, helical enveloped RNA viruses?

A

Ebola
Measles
Influenza
RSV

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14
Q

What is an example of a double stranded, icosahedral non-enveloped RNA virus?

A

Rotavirus

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15
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria with DNA that codes for virulence factors

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16
Q

What is the structure of a bacteria?

A 
Nucleiod - circular DNA
Cytoplasm with ribosomes + plasmids 
Plasma membrane 
Cell wall 
Capsule 
Pili + flagella
17
Q

What shapes are bacteria commonly?

A

Coccus
Spirillus
Bacillus

18
Q

How can cocci be arranged?

A

Clusters

Chains

19
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

A

Structure of wall

20
Q

What is the structure of a gram positive wall?

A

Plasma membrane
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan

21
Q

What is the structure of a gram negative wall?

A 
Plasma membrane 
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan 
Periplasmic space
Outer membrane
22
Q

What are aerobes?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen

23
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival

24
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen

25
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that require an oxygen-free environment for survival

26
Q

What are some examples of gram positive cocci?

A

Staph aureus
Coagulase negative staph
Streptococci
Enterococcus faecalis

27
Q

What are some examples of gram negative cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii

28
Q

What are some examples of gram positive bacilli?

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

29
Q

What are some examples of gram negative bacilli?

A 
E coli 
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Salmonella typhi 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haemophilus influenzae
30
Q

What colour is a positive gram stain?

A

Purple

31
Q

What colour is a negative gram stain?

A

Red

32
Q

What are the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis?

A

Virulence factors

  • host entry
  • adherence to host cells
  • invasiveness
  • iron sequestration

Toxins

  • exotoxins
  • endotoxins
33
Q

How can fungi be split?

A

Yeasts - single celled

Molds - multicellular

34
Q

What are some examples of yeasts?

A

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pneumocystis jiroveci

35
Q

What are some examples of molds?

A

Aspergillus

Dermatophytes

36
Q

How can parasites be split?

A

Protozoa - single celled

Helminths - worms

37
Q

What are some examples of parasitic protozoa?

A

Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Plasmodium falciparum
Trypanosoma cruzi

38
Q

What are some examples of helminths?

A

Round worms
Tape worms
Flukes

Infection (13 decks)

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