Introduction

Question 1

What types of organism can cause disease?

Answer 1

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

Question 2

What is the structure of a virus?

Answer 2

Nucleic acid in centre
Protein coat
Envelope
Protein spikes

Question 3

What is the function of the protein spikes on a virus?

Answer 3

Receptors for binding to specific proteins on host cells

Binding stimulates endocytosis

Question 4

What system is used to classify viruses?

Answer 4

Baltimore classification

Question 5

What is the Baltimore calssification?

Answer 5

Class 1 - Double stranded DNA
Class 2 - Single stranded DNA
Class 3 - Double stranded RNA
Class 4 - + single stranded RNA
Class 5 - - single stranded RNA
Class 6 - single stranded RNA - reverse transcriptase
Class 7 - double stranded DNA - reverse transcriptase

Question 6

How can DNA viruses be split?

Answer 6

Single stranded + non-enveloped
Double stranded + non-enveloped
Double stranded + enveloped

Question 7

What is an example of a single stranded non-enveloped DNA virus?

Answer 7

Parvovirus 19

Question 8

What are examples of double stranded non-enveloped DNA viruses?

Answer 8

Adenovirus
HPV
BK virus

Question 9

What are examples of double stranded enveloped DNA viruses?

Answer 9

Herpes virus

Hepatitis B

Question 10

How can RNA viruses be split?

Answer 10

Single stranded / double stranded
Positive strand / negative strand
Icosahedral / helical
Enveloped / non-enveloped

Question 11

What are examples of single stranded, positive strand, iscosahedral non-enveloped RNA viruses?

Answer 11

Enterovirus
Norovirus
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E

Question 12

What are examples of single stranded, positive strand, enveloped RNA viruses?

Answer 12

HIV
Hepatitis C
Rubella virus
Yellow fever virus

Question 13

What are examples of single stranded, negative strand, helical enveloped RNA viruses?

Answer 13

Ebola
Measles
Influenza
RSV

Question 14

What is an example of a double stranded, icosahedral non-enveloped RNA virus?

Answer 14

Rotavirus

Question 15

What are bacteriophages?

Answer 15

Viruses that infect bacteria with DNA that codes for virulence factors

Question 16

What is the structure of a bacteria?

Answer 16

Nucleiod - circular DNA
Cytoplasm with ribosomes + plasmids 
Plasma membrane 
Cell wall 
Capsule 
Pili + flagella

Question 17

What shapes are bacteria commonly?

Answer 17

Coccus
Spirillus
Bacillus

Question 18

How can cocci be arranged?

Answer 18

Clusters

Chains

Question 19

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

Answer 19

Structure of wall

Question 20

What is the structure of a gram positive wall?

Answer 20

Plasma membrane
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan

Question 21

What is the structure of a gram negative wall?

Answer 21

Plasma membrane 
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan 
Periplasmic space
Outer membrane

Question 22

What are aerobes?

Answer 22

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen

Question 23

What are obligate aerobes?

Answer 23

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival

Question 24

What are anaerobes?

Answer 24

Bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen

Question 25

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 25

Bacteria that require an oxygen-free environment for survival

Question 26

What are some examples of gram positive cocci?

Answer 26

Staph aureus Coagulase negative staph Streptococci Enterococcus faecalis

Question 27

What are some examples of gram negative cocci?

Answer 27

Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii

Question 28

What are some examples of gram positive bacilli?

Answer 28

Listeria monocytogenes Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus

Question 29

What are some examples of gram negative bacilli?

Answer 29

``` E coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Salmonella typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa Haemophilus influenzae ```

Question 30

What colour is a positive gram stain?

Answer 30

Purple

Question 31

What colour is a negative gram stain?

Answer 31

Red

Question 32

What are the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis?

Answer 32

Virulence factors - host entry - adherence to host cells - invasiveness - iron sequestration Toxins - exotoxins - endotoxins

Question 33

How can fungi be split?

Answer 33

Yeasts - single celled Molds - multicellular

Question 34

What are some examples of yeasts?

Answer 34

Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 35

What are some examples of molds?

Answer 35

Aspergillus | Dermatophytes

Question 36

How can parasites be split?

Answer 36

Protozoa - single celled Helminths - worms

Question 37

What are some examples of parasitic protozoa?

Answer 37

Giardia lamblia Cryptosporidium parvum Plasmodium falciparum Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 38

What are some examples of helminths?

Answer 38

Round worms Tape worms Flukes