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Infection > Anti-microbials > Flashcards

Anti-microbials Flashcards

1
Q

What are ideal features of antimicrobial agents?

A 
Selectively toxic
Few adverse effects
Reach site of infection 
Oral/IV formulation 
Long-half life
Don't effect other drugs
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2
Q

What are the classes of antibacterials?

A 
Beta-lactams
Glycopeptides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Polymixins 
Quinolones
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3
Q

What are the different mechanisms of antibacterials?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit cell membrane function
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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4
Q

Which classes effect cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams

Glycopeptides

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5
Q

Which classes effect protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides

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6
Q

Which classes effect cell membrane function?

A

Polymixins

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7
Q

Which classes effect nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones

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8
Q

What are the types of resistance?

A

Intrinsic
Acquired
Adaptive

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9
Q

What is intrinsic resistance?

A

No target or access for the drug

Usually permanent

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10
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

Acquires new genetic material or mutates

Usually permanent

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11
Q

What is adaptive resistance?

A

Organism responds to a stress

Usually reversible

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of resistance?

A

Drug-inactivating enzymes
Altered target - target enzyme has less affinity
Altered uptake - decreased permeability or increased efflux

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13
Q

What types of antibiotics come under beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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14
Q

What are some examples of penicillins?

A 
Benzylpenicillin 
Amoxicillin 
Flucloxacillin 
Co-amoxiclav
Tazocin
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15
Q

What is co-amoxiclav a combination of?

A

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid

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16
Q

What is tazocin a combination of?

A

Piperacillin + tazobactam

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17
Q

What is an example of a cephalosporin?

A

Ceftriaxone

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18
Q

What is an example of a carbapenem?

A

Meropenem

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19
Q

What is an example of a monobactam?

A

Aztreonam

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20
Q

What is penicillin used against?

A

Streptococci

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21
Q

What is amoxicillin used against?

A

Streptococci

Gram-negatives

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22
Q

What is flucloxacillin used against?

A

Staphylococci

Streptococci

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23
Q

What is co-amoxiclav used against?

A

Staph
Strep
Anaerobes
Gram negatives

24
Q

What is tazocin used against?

A 
Staph 
Strep 
Anaerobes
Gram negatives 
Pseudomonas
25
Q

Where does ceftriaxone have a good activity?

A

CSF

26
Q

What are cephalosporins used for?

A

Broad spectrum

27
Q

What are carbapenems used against?

A

Very broad spectrum

  • anaerobes
  • most gram negatives

Safe in penicillin allergy

28
Q

What are some examples of glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

29
Q

What is vancomycin used for?

A

Active against gram positives

30
Q

What is important about vancomycin?

A

Narrow therapeutic window - requires drug monitoring

31
Q

What are examples of tetracyclines?

A

Tetracycline

Doxycyline

32
Q

What are tetracyclines used for?

A

Broad spectrum

  • gram positives
  • atypical pneumonia
  • chlamydia

Used in penicillin allergy

33
Q

What is an example of an aminoglycoside?

A

Gentamicin

34
Q

What is gentamicin used against?

A

Gram negatives

Good activity in blood + urine

35
Q

What is important about gentamicin?

A

Requires therapeutic drug monitoring - potentially nephrotoxic

36
Q

What are some examples of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

37
Q

When are macrolides used?

A

Alternative to penicillin for mild gram positive infections

Atypical respiratory pathogens

38
Q

What is an example of a quinolone?

A

Ciproloxacin

39
Q

What is the action of quinolones?

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase

40
Q

When are quinolones used?

A

Gram negatives

Atypical pathogens

41
Q

What is the action of trimethoprim?

A

Inhibits folic acid synthesis

42
Q

What is trimethoprim used for?

A

UTIs

43
Q

What is co-trimoxazole?

A

Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole

44
Q

What is co-trimoxazole used for?

A

PCP

45
Q

What are the types of antifungals?

A

Azoles

Polyenes

46
Q

What is an example of an azole?

A

Fluconazole

47
Q

What is the mechanism of azoles?

A

Inhibit cell membrane synthesis

48
Q

What is fluconazole used to treat?

A

Candida

49
Q

What are examples of polyenes?

A

Nystatin

Amphotericin

50
Q

What is the mechanism of polyenes?

A

Inhibit cell membrane function

51
Q

What are the main anti-virals?

A

Aciclovir

Tamiflu

52
Q

What is the mechanism of aciclovir?

A

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase

53
Q

What is aciclovir used for?

A

Herpes simplex

Varicella zoster

54
Q

What is the mechanism of Tamiflu?

A

Inhibits viral neuraminidase

55
Q

What is Tamiflu used for?

A

Influenza A

Influenza B

56
Q

What is metronidazole?

A

Antibacterial + antiprotozoal

57
Q

What is metronidazole used against?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

Amoebae
Giardia
Trichomonas

Infection (13 decks)

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