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Infection > Anti-microbials > Flashcards

Anti-microbials Flashcards

1
Q

What are ideal features of antimicrobial agents?

A 
Selectively toxic
Few adverse effects
Reach site of infection 
Oral/IV formulation 
Long-half life
Don't effect other drugs
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2
Q

What are the classes of antibacterials?

A 
Beta-lactams
Glycopeptides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Polymixins 
Quinolones
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3
Q

What are the different mechanisms of antibacterials?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit cell membrane function
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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4
Q

Which classes effect cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams

Glycopeptides

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5
Q

Which classes effect protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides

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6
Q

Which classes effect cell membrane function?

A

Polymixins

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7
Q

Which classes effect nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones

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8
Q

What are the types of resistance?

A

Intrinsic
Acquired
Adaptive

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9
Q

What is intrinsic resistance?

A

No target or access for the drug

Usually permanent

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10
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

Acquires new genetic material or mutates

Usually permanent

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11
Q

What is adaptive resistance?

A

Organism responds to a stress

Usually reversible

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of resistance?

A

Drug-inactivating enzymes
Altered target - target enzyme has less affinity
Altered uptake - decreased permeability or increased efflux

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13
Q

What types of antibiotics come under beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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14
Q

What are some examples of penicillins?

A 
Benzylpenicillin 
Amoxicillin 
Flucloxacillin 
Co-amoxiclav
Tazocin
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15
Q

What is co-amoxiclav a combination of?

A

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid

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16
Q

What is tazocin a combination of?

A

Piperacillin + tazobactam

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17
Q

What is an example of a cephalosporin?

A

Ceftriaxone

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18
Q

What is an example of a carbapenem?

A

Meropenem

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19
Q

What is an example of a monobactam?

A

Aztreonam

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20
Q

What is penicillin used against?

A

Streptococci

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21
Q

What is amoxicillin used against?

A

Streptococci

Gram-negatives

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22
Q

What is flucloxacillin used against?

A

Staphylococci

Streptococci

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23
Q

What is co-amoxiclav used against?

A

Staph
Strep
Anaerobes
Gram negatives

24
Q

What is tazocin used against?

A 
Staph 
Strep 
Anaerobes
Gram negatives 
Pseudomonas
25
Where does ceftriaxone have a good activity?
CSF
26
What are cephalosporins used for?
Broad spectrum
27
What are carbapenems used against?
Very broad spectrum - anaerobes - most gram negatives Safe in penicillin allergy
28
What are some examples of glycopeptides?
Vancomycin | Teicoplanin
29
What is vancomycin used for?
Active against gram positives
30
What is important about vancomycin?
Narrow therapeutic window - requires drug monitoring
31
What are examples of tetracyclines?
Tetracycline | Doxycyline
32
What are tetracyclines used for?
Broad spectrum - gram positives - atypical pneumonia - chlamydia Used in penicillin allergy
33
What is an example of an aminoglycoside?
Gentamicin
34
What is gentamicin used against?
Gram negatives | Good activity in blood + urine
35
What is important about gentamicin?
Requires therapeutic drug monitoring - potentially nephrotoxic
36
What are some examples of macrolides?
Erythromycin | Clarithromycin
37
When are macrolides used?
Alternative to penicillin for mild gram positive infections | Atypical respiratory pathogens
38
What is an example of a quinolone?
Ciproloxacin
39
What is the action of quinolones?
Inhibit DNA gyrase
40
When are quinolones used?
Gram negatives | Atypical pathogens
41
What is the action of trimethoprim?
Inhibits folic acid synthesis
42
What is trimethoprim used for?
UTIs
43
What is co-trimoxazole?
Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole
44
What is co-trimoxazole used for?
PCP
45
What are the types of antifungals?
Azoles | Polyenes
46
What is an example of an azole?
Fluconazole
47
What is the mechanism of azoles?
Inhibit cell membrane synthesis
48
What is fluconazole used to treat?
Candida
49
What are examples of polyenes?
Nystatin | Amphotericin
50
What is the mechanism of polyenes?
Inhibit cell membrane function
51
What are the main anti-virals?
Aciclovir | Tamiflu
52
What is the mechanism of aciclovir?
Inhibits viral DNA polymerase
53
What is aciclovir used for?
Herpes simplex | Varicella zoster
54
What is the mechanism of Tamiflu?
Inhibits viral neuraminidase
55
What is Tamiflu used for?
Influenza A | Influenza B
56
What is metronidazole?
Antibacterial + antiprotozoal
57
What is metronidazole used against?
Anaerobic bacteria Amoebae Giardia Trichomonas

Infection (13 decks)

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