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Infection > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Cells and organs that contribute to immunity defences against infection and non infectious conditions

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2
Q

What is infectivity?

A

Ability of a pathogen to establish itself within a host

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3
Q

What is virulence?

A

Capacity to cause tissue damage

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4
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

When a pathogen succeeds in evading and/or overwhelming the host’s immune defences

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5
Q

What are the roles of the immune response?

A

Pathogen recognition
Containing + eliminating the infection
Regulating itself
Remembering pathogens

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6
Q

What are features of innate immunity?

A

Fast
Lack of specificity
Lack of memory
No change in intensity

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7
Q

What are features of adaptive immunity?

A

Slow
Specific
Immunologic memory
Change in intensity

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8
Q

What are the first lines of defence?

A

Physical barriers
Physiological barriers
Chemical barriers
Biological barriers

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9
Q

What are physical barriers?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Bronchial cilia

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10
Q

What are physiological barriers?

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Coughing
Sneezing

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11
Q

What are chemical barriers?

A

Low pH

  • skin
  • stomach
  • vagina

Antimicrobial molecules

  • igA
  • lysozyme
  • mucus
  • beta-defensins
  • gastric acid
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12
Q

What are biological barriers?

A

Normal flora - compete with pathogens

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13
Q

What are the second line of defence?

A

Phagocytes
Chemicals
Inflammation

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14
Q

What happens between phagocytes and microbes?

A

Recognition process

Killing process of infectious microbes

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15
Q

What are the main types of phagocyte?

A

Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils

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16
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

All organs

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17
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Ingest microbes
Present microbial antigens to T cells
Produce cytokines + chemokines

18
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

Blood

19
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Differentiate into macrophages

20
Q

Where are neutrophils found?

A

Blood

21
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Increase during infection
Recruited by chemokines
Ingest and destroy pyogenic bacteria

22
Q

What are other key cells in innate immunity?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Natural killer cells
Dendritic cells

23
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Early actors of inflammation

Important in allergic response

24
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Defence against multi-cellular parasites

25
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

Kill abnormal host cells

26
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Present microbial antigens to T cells

27
Q

How do phagocytes recognise pathogens?

A

Pathogens have pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Phagocytes have pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

Opsonisation

28
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Enhanced attachment of phagocytes and clearance of microbes via opsonins

29
Q

What are some examples of opsonins?

A 
C3b
C4b
IgG
IgM
CRP
30
Q

What are the phagocyte intracellular killing mechanisms?

A

Oxygen-dependent pathway

Oxygen-independent pathway

31
Q

What does the oxygen-dependent pathway use?

A

Toxic O2 products

  • hydrogen peroxide
  • hydroxyl radical
  • nitric oxygen
32
Q

What does the oxygen-independent pathway use?

A 
Lysozyme 
Lactoferrin 
Cationic proteins 
Proteolytic enzymes
Hydrolytic enzymes
33
Q

What chemicals make up the second line of defence?

A

Complement system

Cytokines

34
Q

What are the activating pathways for the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway

MBL pathway

35
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

Initiated by cell surface microbial constiuents

36
Q

What is the MBL pathway?

A

Initiated when MBL binds to mannose containing residues of proteins on microbes

37
Q

What is the role of C3a + C5a?

A

Recruitment of phagocytes

38
Q

What is the role of C3b + C4b?

A

Opsonisation of pathogens

39
Q

What is the role of C5-9?

A

Killing of pathogens - attack complex

40
Q

What is the role of cytokines/chemokines?

A

Chemoattraction
Phagocyte activation
Inflammation

Infection (13 decks)

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