INTRODUCTION

Question 1

Many drugs found in nature are________-

Answer 1

Alkaloids

• alkaline pH
  
  • amine group in their stuctures

Question 2

Most drugs have MW between _________

Answer 2

100 and 1000

Question 3

Substances that act on biologic systems at the chemical (molecular level) and alter their funcctions

Answer 3

Drugs

Question 4

The molecular components f the body with which drugs interact to bring about their effects

Answer 4

Drug receptors

Question 5

The phase of drug movement from the site of administration into the tissues

Answer 5

Distriibution phase

Question 6

The phase of drug inactivation or removal from the body by metabolism or excretion

Answer 6

Elimination phase

Question 7

movement of molecule through a bioloic medium

Answer 7

PErmeation

Question 8

a specialied molecule, usually a protein that carries a drug, transmitter, or other molecule across a membrane in which it is not permeable

Answer 8

Transporter

Question 9

If drug receptor results in activation of the receptor, the drug is termed as

Answer 9

agonist

Question 10

if inhibition results in binding to te receptor

Answer 10

Antagonist

Question 11

A receptor molecule may have several binding sites. Quantitation of effects of drug receptor interaction as a function of dose (or concentration) yield _____________

Answer 11

Dose response curves

Question 12

Drugs bind to some nonregulatory molecules in the body without discernible effects. There are called ______-

Answer 12

inert receptors

Question 13

movement of molecules through the watery extracellular and intracellular spaces

Answer 13

Aqueous diffusion

governed by FICK’s Law

Question 14

passive movement of molecules through lipid bilayer membranes

Answer 14

Lipid diffusion

governed by Ficks law

Question 15

Occurs through binding of the molecule to specialized components on cell membranes with subsequent internaliation by infolding of that area of the membrane

Answer 15

Endocytosis

• Very large or very lipid insoluble materials

Question 16

Predicts the rate of movement of molecules across a barrier.

• concentration gradient (C1-C2)
• permeability coeffiient
• area and thickness of the barrier

Answer 16

Fick’s Law

• Drug absortption is faster within organs with large surface area
• Drug absorption is faster in those with thin membranes

Question 17

The aqueous solubility of a drug is often a function oof the __________

Answer 17

electrosatic charge

Question 18

Lipid solubility is __________proportional to its charge

Answer 18

Inversely

Question 19

Henderson-hasselbach equation

Answer 19

Question 20

WEak bases are _________

Answer 20

Ionized

• more polar and more water soluble

Question 21

Weak acids are _________

Answer 21

not ionized

• Less water soluble when they are protonated

Question 22

High blood flow maintains a _________ concentration gradient between drug depot and blood

Answer 22

high

• facilitates absorption

Question 23

the _______ is applied to drug excretion in the urine

Answer 23

Hendrson-hasselbach principle

Question 24

The size of organ determines the _______between blood and the organ

Answer 24

Concentrtion gradient

Question 25

blood flow to the tissue is an important determinant of ______________

Answer 25

Rate of uptake of druh

• Blood flow may not affect the amount of drug in the tissue at equilibrium.

Question 26

Average values fo some physical volumes within the adult body

Answer 26

Question 27

relates the amount of drug in the body to the concentration in the plasma

Answer 27

Volume of distribution

Question 28

comparison of first order and zero-order elimantion

Answer 28

• First order
  
  • rate of elimantion is proportional to concentration
• Zero order
  
  • the rateis constant and independent of concentration

Question 29

After absorption into the circulation, many drugs undergo an early distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase, Mathematically, this behavior can be simulated by means of a ______________

Answer 29

“two compartment model”

Question 30

Acute toxicity

Answer 30

• required for all drugs
• incrementing doses of an agent up to the lethal level in at least 2 species (rodent and non rodent)

Question 31

Subacute

Answer 31

2-4 weeks

Question 32

Chronic

Answer 32

6-24 months

Question 34

___________testing involves the study of fertiliy effects of the candidate drug and its teratogenic and mutagenic toxicity)

Answer 34

reproductive toxicity

Question 35

Drug development

Answer 35

Question 36

The standard in vitro test for mutagenicity, uses a special strain of salmonella

Answer 36

Ames test

Question 37

in vivo mutagenicty test carried out in mice. Male animals are exposed to the test substance before mating

Answer 37

Dominant lethal test