Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the object of research

A

to extend human knowledge of the physical, biological and social world beyond hat we already knwo

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2
Q

the scientific method: research cycle

A

observations, questions, search literature, hypothesis, experiment, collect data, conclusion, share results, develop interventions, ask new question

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3
Q

main idea of addressing research is

A

uncertainty

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4
Q

where do research Qs come from

A

clinical practice
published literature
intuition

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5
Q

testing hypothesises

A

an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proven

  • a testable and tentative answer to a research question
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6
Q

hard to

A

prove hypothesises

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7
Q

hard to prove hypotheses so we use

A

null hypotheses

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8
Q

a null hypothesis

A

a default position that there is o relationship between measured phenomena, or no associations among groups

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9
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

the rival hypothesis that there something going on

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10
Q

reductionism

A

when research focuses on a tiny aspect of a hypothesised causal system
- approach will vary according to specific questions e.g. social sciences= more complex

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11
Q

what will increase the value and quality of research (5)

A

1) predefined protocol
2) ethical scrutiny
3) funding scrutiny
4) institutional scrutiny
5) peer review scrutiny

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12
Q

value of research depends on

A

design quality and study conduct

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13
Q

most papers are

A

never sited

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14
Q

why may papers not be cited often

A

de to low impact- may not be due to low quality

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15
Q

most papers are sited less than

A

10 times

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16
Q

naturalistic means

A

qualitative

17
Q

positivistic means

A

quantitative

18
Q

conceptual qualitative (naturalistic)

A
  • focused on understanding reality from peoples own perspective and experiences.

Assumes reality is dynamic and negotiated

19
Q

methodological qualitative

A
  • data collected through ons and interview
  • data aniseed by themes emerging from data
  • data are reported in participants own words
  • small purposeful samples in their natural habitat
20
Q

Conceptual quantitative (positivistic)

A

-focused on understanding facts about reality
and causal relationship
- assumes a fixed and measurable reality

21
Q

methodological quantitative

A
  • data are collected by measuring things
  • data are analysed statistically
  • findings are reported using quantitive data
  • large samples- preferably randomised to intervention
22
Q

what is Occams Razor

A

” the number of entities used to explain phenomena should not be increased unnecessarily”

23
Q

who said this: “ the number of entities used to explain phenomena should not be increased unnecessarily”

A

William of Ockham

1300

24
Q

Occams Razor and the KISS principle

A

states that most systems work best if they are kept simple rather than made complicated= therefore simplicity should be key goal in designs if unnecessary complexity should be avoided

25
who's idea was falsifiability
Karl Popper
26
falsifiability and the problem of induction e.g.
all swans we have seen are white and therefore all swans are white (inductive logic)
27
Inductive logic
doesn't include certainty in the way deductive logic does | -some one who goes from specific instances to general conclusions e.g. all swans are white
28
therefore inductive logic uses
specific instances to create general principles
29
deductive logic uses
general principles to make conclusions about specific instances
30
'absence of evidence
is not evidence of absence'
31
correlation
does not mean causation | - although events may closely correlate doesn't mean causation